Design of Visible Broadband Metamaterial Absorber Based on Metal Nickel

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1022774/v1

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Design of Visible Broadband Metamaterial Absorber Based on Metal Nickel

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1022774/v1

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In this paper,we have proposed a visible broadband metamaterial absorber based on metal Nickel. The metamaterial absorber (MA) is composed of three layers,which are Nickel-based pattern array on the top, silicon dioxide in the middle layer and Nickel film at the bottom. In the whole visible spectrum(380-780nm) of our study, the average absorption of the absorber is up to 95.60%. The absorption rates at 500nm and 637nm are 96.63% and 99.93%, respectively. Also, the proposed MA is insensitive of polarization in the whole visible regime. Later, the mechanism of the absorption and the influence of the structural parameters on the absorption spectrum are investigated. Strong electrical and magnetic resonance are related to the absorption peak at the resonant wavelength. The results show the resonant wavelength of 500nm is fixed and the resonant wavelength of 637nm can be tuned by the parameters.The proposed structure will have important application prospects in the field of solar cells.

Electronic Materials and Devices

Optical Materials and Devices

Atomic and Molecular Physics

metamaterial absorber

Nickel

electrical and magnetic resonance

visible spectra

Since Landy(N. I. Landy et al. 2008)proposed the concept of metamaterial absorber, metamaterial absorbers ༈MAs༉have attracted extensive research because of its wide application prospect in such as thermal photovoltaics (Wei Wang et al.2019)

,sensing( Liu, N. et al. 2010, Luo, S. W. et al. 2016), color pringting(F. Cheng et al. 2015, Z. Li et al. 2016, W. Wang et al. 2017), and so on. Metamaterials with different materials and structures can achieve absorption in microwave༈Jing Xu et al.2021༉, terahertz༈Rina Dao et al. 2019, Kun Zhang et al. 2021༉, and optical waveband༈Yang Wang et al. 2021, Xiaoshan Liu et al.2019, Mohammad Mehrabi et al. 2018༉. Usually, the metal-dielectric-metal sandwich structure is used to realize the perfect absorption and the absorption spectra is determined by the top metallic pattern layer. Generally, substantial absorbers can be categorized into broadband absorbers (Aydin K. et al.2011, Ding F. et al. 2012, Cui Y. et al. 2012 )and narrowband absorbers(Li Z. et al. 2014, Meng L. et al. 2014, Lu X. et al.2015 ). Narrowband perfect absorbers can be used in sensing while broadband absorbers are used in thermo-photovoltaics (Zhengdong Yong et al. 2016).

Ni(Nickel), a kind of non-noble metal, were used to form such metal-dielectric-metal structure to realize a good absorption in the visible spectra(Mehmet Bağmancıa et al. 2017, Minghui Luo et al. 2017 ). The absorption is because of the nature of this Ni metal. The MAs consisted of Ni as the metal were designed and fabricated, and achieved polarization-independent absorption of an average level of above 90% in the whole visible regime(380-780nm)(Minghui Luo et al. 2017 ).However, the effect of structural parameters on absorption spectra was not investigated. And anther proposed MA showed perfect absorption of 98.4% at the resonance frequency of 621.76 THz and had also 88.28% overall absorption in visible frequency regions(Mehmet Bağmancıa et al. 2017).The metallic pattern was complicated and the average absorption needs to increase.

In this paper, we have designed and proposed a novel broadband perfect metamaterial absorber(MA) in the visible spectra.The influence of the structural parameters on the absorption spectra and the absorption mechanism are carefully investigated. And we have achieve a perfect absorption of 99.89% at the wavelength of 637 nm and an average absorption of 95.60% in the whole visible spectra(380-780nm). The results show that one resonant wavelength is fixed and the other can be tuned by structural parameters.

Assume $\text{A}\left({\omega }\right)$、$\text{R}\left({\omega }\right)$ and $\text{T}\left({\omega }\right)$ represent the absorption, reflection, and transmission spectra respectively. The absorption $\text{A}\left({\omega }\right)$ can be induced by $\text{A}\left({\omega }\right)=1-\text{R}\left({\omega }\right)-\text{T}\left({\omega }\right)$(Mehmet Bağmancıa et al. 2017). However, when the thickness of the bottom Ni metal layer is much larger than its skin depth at the operation frequency, the transmission rate can be ignored ($\text{T}\left({\omega }\approx 0\right)$).Thus we can obtain $\text{A}\left({\omega }\right)$from$\text{A}\left({\omega }\right)=1-\text{R}\left({\omega }\right)$(Xiyao Chen et al.2014).

And the average absorption rate (A_av)is calculated by the equation as

$${A}_{av}={\left({\lambda }_{m}-{\lambda }_{s}\right)}^{-1}{\int }_{{\lambda }_{s}}^{{\lambda }_{m}}A\left(\lambda \right)d\lambda$$

Where λ is the wavelength of the incident wave, and λ_m, λ_s are the maximum and minimum wavelengths of the incident wave, respectively(Yang Wang et al.2021).

Figure 2 shows the absorption and reflection spectra of the broadband visible absorber at normal incidence. We can see from the black line in Fig. 2, the proposed MA achieve absorption above 80% in the whole visible waveband(380-780nm).The two resonant wavelengths are 500nm and 637 nm. And the absorption rate at 637 nm is 99.93%. Also the average absorption rate is up to 95.60% calculated by equation (1).And Fig. 3 shows the simulated adsorption spectra of proposed MA for cases of TE and TM polarization. It is obvious that the proposed MA is insensitive to the polarization.

In order to well-recognized the mechanism of the resonant absorption, the distributions of the electric field of E_z at the surface of metal arrays at the two wavelength,500nm and 637nm for TE and TM ,are depicted in Fig. 4.We can see that the strong electric field is distributed at the four cylinders and the rectangular strip perpendicular to the polarization direction both at 500nm and 637nm.Fig. 5 shows the magnetic field of H_z at the top surface.It is found that strong magnetic field is distributed at the four cylinders and the rectangular strip perpendicular to the polarization direction at 500nm,however, strong magnetic field is distributed at all the graphic arrays at 637nm for both TE and TM incidence. All these imply strong electric and magnetic resonance absorption at the graphic arrays on top.

Evidently, the absorption spectra strongly depend on the geometric parameters of the resonators. To confirm the flexibility of design, we discuss the effects of each geometric parameter on the absorption behavior of the proposed MA unit cell.In order to have a better understanding, the absorption curves achieved by changing the different parameters,such as dielectric layer thickness ,resonator thickness, cross length and cylinder radius, are given in Fig. 6-Fig. 7.

First, the dielectric thickness(h₂)and the resonator thickness(h₁) has been changed around the reference value.As we can see from Fig. 6(a),the dielectric thickness varies from 40 nm to 70 nm with a step of 10nm.There are three absorption peaks in the band from 100 nm to780nm.There is a narrow peak between 141 and 181nm,and it shifts slightly red with the increase of silica layer thickness.The absorption peak at 500nm is almost unchanged with the change of silica layer thickness,while the other absorption peak shifts red from 382 nm to 689 nm with the increase of silica layer thickness from 40nm to 70 nm.The waveband we are interested in is 430nm to 770nm which covers the whole visible light.It can be seen from Fig. 6(b) that there is an absorption peak in the whole visible band before the pattern thickness is 15 nm.With the increase of the pattern thickness,the position of the absorption peak remains unchanged and the absorption rate increase slightly.There are two absorption peaks after the pattern thickness is greater than 15 nm.With the increase of the pattern thickness, the absorption peak of 500nm still remains unchanged but the absorption rate decrease from 99.9% of 15nm thickness to 91.2% of 30 nm thickness.Another absorption peak appears after the pattern thickness is greater than 15nm and the absorption rate remains above 99.9%.However,the position of the absorption peak shifts red from 637nm to 681nm with the increase of the pattern thickness from 20nm to 30nm.

Second, the absorption curves of proposed structure according to the different cylinder radius and the rectangular strip lengths are depicted in Fig. 7(a) and (b).We can see from Fig. 7.(a),before the cylinder radius is 40nm,there is one absorption peak which stays unchanged with the change of the cylinder radius.However,the absorptivity in the whole visible band increases with the increase of the cylinder radius.Double absorption peaks appear when the cylinder radius is greater than 40nm.The absorption rate at 500nm decreases with the increase of the cylinder radius,the other absorption peak shifts red from 567nm to 713nm,and the absorption rate decrease slightly while the bandwidth with an absorptivity greater than 90% increase greatly.It can be seen that changing the radius of the cylinder can adjust the position and bandwidth of one of the absorption peaks. From Fig. 7.(b), we find that with the increase of the rectangular strip of the cross, the position of the absorption peak at 500nm remains unchanged and the peak absorption rate decreases.The absorption peak at 637nm shifts red and decreases sightly.

In the end, we simulated the absorption curves of only cross-shaped resonator,only-cylinders resonator ,no-pattern and proposed structure in Fig. 8. Compared with no-pattern structure,all the MAs have a better performance in visible band and there is a absorption peak at 500nm which is because of the nature of the metal Ni.Another absorption peak at 637nm is because of the coupling effect of the cross and four cylinders.We can have the inclusion that our proposed MA have a perfect absorptivity.

In this paper, we have proposed a MA which have a perfect absorption in the visible band. The MA consists of three layers, metallic pattern on top, silica in the middle and the metal film at the bottom. The electric and magnetic field distributions show that the strong absorption is because of the electric and magnetic resonance.We can see two absorption peak in the whole visible band.The position of the 500nm peak remains unchanged with the changing of the structural parameters, while the other can be tuned with the changing of the structural parameters. The MA we proposed can apply to the field of solar cells.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Ph.D. Project supported by the Jinling Institute of Technology (Grant No. jit-b-201902).

Competing financial interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Design of Visible Broadband Metamaterial Absorber Based on Metal Nickel

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1. Introduction

2. Brief Theory About The Metamaterials Absorber

3. Results And Discussion

4. Conclusions

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