[1] Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Everard A, Neyrinck AM, Bindels LB. Gut microorganisms as promising targets for the management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58:2206-17.
[2] Canfora EE, Jocken JW, Blaak EE. Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11:577-91.
[3] DeVadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Bäckhed F, Mithieux G. Microbiota-produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis. Cell Metab. 2016;24:151-7.
[4] Byrne CS, Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Frost G. The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39:1331-8.
[5] DeVadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Goncalves D, Vinera J, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, et al. Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell. 2014;156:84-96.
[6] Sahuri-Arisoylu M, Brody LP, Parkinson JR, Parkes H, Navaratnam N, Miller AD, et al. Reprogramming of hepatic fat accumulation and 'browning' of adipose tissue by the short-chain fatty acid acetate. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:955-63.
[7] Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE, Martin RJ, Lefevre M, et al. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes. 2009;58:1509-17.
[8] den Besten G, Bleeker A, Gerding A, van Eunen K, Havinga R, van Dijk TH, et al. Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity via a PPARγ-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation. Diabetes. 2015;64:2398-408.
[9] Jiao AR, Diao H, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, et al. Oral administration of short chain fatty acids could attenuate fat deposition of pigs. PloS One. 2018;13:e0196867.
[10] Jiao A, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Luo Y, et al. Short chain fatty acids could prevent fat deposition in pigs via regulating related hormones and genes. Food Funct. 2020;11:1845-55.
[11] Canfora EE, van der Beek CM, Jocken JWE, Goossens GH, Holst JJ, Olde Damink SWM, et al. Colonic infusions of short-chain fatty acid mixtures promote energy metabolism in overweight/obese men: a randomized crossover trial. Sci Rep. 2017;7:2360.
[12] Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444:1027-31.
[13] Perry RJ, Peng L, Barry NA, Cline GW, Zhang D, Cardone RL, et al. Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2016;534:213-7.
[14] Lambeth SM, Carson T, Lowe J, Ramaraj T, Leff JW, Luo L, et al. Composition, diversity and abundance of gut microbiome in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Obes. 2015;2:1-7.
[15] Menni C, Lin C, Cecelja M, Mangino M, Matey-Hernandez ML, Keehn L, et al. Gut microbial diversity is associated with lower arterial stiffness in women. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2390-7.
[16] Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, et al. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell. 2014;159:789-99.
[17] Beaumont M, Goodrich JK, Jackson MA, Yet I, Davenport ER, Vieira-Silva S, Debelius J, Pallister T, Mangino M, Raes J. Heritable components of the human fecal microbiome are associated with visceral fat. Genome Biology. 2016;17:189.
[18] Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, et al. Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes. 2010;59:3049-57.
[19] Moran CP, Shanahan F. Gut microbiota and obesity: Role in aetiology and potential therapeutic target. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;28:585-97.
[20] Delzenne NM, and Cani PD. Interaction between obesity and the gut microbiota: relevance in nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 2011;31:1-7.
[21] Meyer R, Bohl E, Kohler E. Procurement and maintenance of germ-free swine for microbiological investigations. Appl Microbiol. 1964;12:295-300.
[22] Meurens FO, Summerfield A, Nauwynck H, Saif L, Gerdts V. The pig: a model for human infectious diseases. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20:50-7.
[23] Odle J, Lin X, Jacobi SK, Kim SW, Stahl CH. The suckling piglet as an agrimedical model for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2011;2:419-44.
[24] Chen J, Li Y, Yu B, Chen D, Mao X, Zheng P, et al. Dietary chlorogenic acid improves growth performance of weaned pigs through maintaining antioxidant capacity and intestinal digestion and absorption function. J Anim Sci. 2018;96:1108-18.
[25] Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Researc. 2001;29:900-5.
[26] Suryawan A, Nguyen HV, Bush JA, Davis TA. Developmental changes in the feeding-induced activation of the insulin-signaling pathway in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281:E908.
[27] Hu L, Che L, Wu C, Curtasu MV, Wu F, Fang Z. Metabolomic profiling reveals the difference on reproductive performance between high and low lactational weight loss sows. Metabolomics. 2019;9:295.
[28] Chambers MC, Maclean B, Burke R, Amodei D, Ruderman DL, Neumann S, et al. A cross-platform toolkit for mass spectrometry and proteomics. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30:918-20.
[29] Jia H, Shen X, Guan Y, Xu M, Tu J, Mo M, et al. Predicting the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation using untargeted metabolomics in locally advanced rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128:548-56.
[30] Wang H, Liu Z, Wang S, Cui D, Zhang X, Liu Y, et al. UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS based plasma metabolomics reveals the metabolic perturbations by manganese exposure in rat models. Metallomics. 2017;9:192-203.
[31] Feng JH, Wu HF, Chen Z. Metabolic responses of HeLa cells to silica nanoparticles by NMR-based metabolomic analyses. Metabolomics. 2013;9:874-86.
[32] Dervishi E, Zhang G, Dunn SM, Mandal R, Wishart DS, Ametaj BN. GC–MS metabolomics identifies metabolite alterations that precede subclinical mastitis in the blood of transition dairy cows. J Proteome Res. 2016; doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00538.
[33] Zhou H, Sun J, Ge L, Liu Z, Chen H, Yu B, et al. Exogenous infusion of short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal functions independently of the gut microbiota. J Anim Sci. 2020; doi:10.1093/jas/skaa371.
[34] Petia KD, Anne N, Rozita A, Ying SL, Filipe DV, Tulika A, et al. Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of prevotella. Cell Metab. 2015;22:971-82.
[35] Liu S, Willett W, Manson J, Hu F, Rosner B, Colditz G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:920-7.
[36] Høverstad T, Midtvedt T. Short-chain fatty acids in germfree mice and rats. J Nutr. 1986;116:1772-6.
[37] Liu M, Liu F. Regulation of adiponectin multimerization, signaling and function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;28:25-31.
[38] Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257:79-83.
[39] Snel M, Jonker JT, Schoones J, Lamb H, Jazet IM. Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;7:983814.
[40] Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:979-84.
[41] Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:15718-23.
[42] Yu S, Ren E, Xu J, Su Y. Zhu W. Effects of early intervention with sodium butyrate on lipid metabolism-related gene expression and liver metabolite profiles in neonatal piglets. Livest Sci. 2017;195:80-6.
[43] Yan H, Zheng P, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, He J, et al. Postnatal high-fat diet enhances ectopic fat deposition in pigs with intrauterine growth retardation. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56:483-90.
[44] Kim KH. Regulation of mammalian acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Annu Rev Nutr. 2003;17:77-99.
[45] Shimomura I, Bashmakov Y, Ikemoto S, Horton JD, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Insulin selectively increases SREBP-1c mRNA in the livers of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:13656-61.
[46] Febbraio M, Hajjar DP, Silverstein RL. CD36: a class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:785-91.
[47] Bonen A, Parolin ML, Steinberg GR, Calles-Escandon J, Tandon NN, Glatz JF, et al. Triacylglycerol accumulation in human obesity and type 2 diabetes is associated with increased rates of skeletal muscle fatty acid transport and increased sarcolemmal FAT/CD36. FASEB J. 2004;18:1144-6.
[48] Vega RB, Huss JM, Kelly DP. The coactivator PGC-1 cooperates with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in transcriptional control of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes. Mol Cell Biol. 2000;20:1868-76.
[49] Balampanis K, Chasapi A, Kourea E, Tanoglidi A, Hatziagelaki E, Lambadiari V, et al. Inter-tissue expression patterns of the key metabolic biomarker PGC-1α in severely obese individuals: Implication in obesity-induced disease. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2019;60:282-93.
[50] Kimura I, Inoue D, Maeda T, Hara T, Ichimura A, Miyauchi S, et al. Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:8030-5.
[51] Wasserman DH. Four grams of glucose. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296:E11-21.
[52] Agius L. Physiological control of liver glycogen metabolism: lessons from novel glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2010;10:1175-87.
[53] Irimia JM, Meyer CM, Peper CL, Zhai L, Bock CB, Previs SF, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance and predisposition to the fasted state in liver glycogen synthase knock-out mice. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:12851-61.
[54] Petersen KF, Dufour S, Savage DB, Bilz S, Solomon G, Yonemitsu S, et al. The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:12587-94.
[55] Ros S, Zafra D, Valles-Ortega J, García-Rocha M, Forrow S, Domínguez J, et al. Hepatic overexpression of a constitutively active form of liver glycogen synthase improves glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:37170-7.
[56] Chambers ES, Viardot A, Psichas A, Morrison DJ, Murphy KG, Zac-Varghese SE, et al. Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut. 2015;64:1744-54.
[57] Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br J Nutr. 2003;89:3-9.
[58] Narasimhan A, Chinnaiyan M, Karundevi B. Ferulic acid regulates hepatic GLUT2 gene expression in high fat and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;761:391-7.
[59] Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D, et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature. 2009;461:1282-6.
[60] Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, Rey FE, Backhed F, Manchester JK, et al. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:16767-72.
[61] Ichimura A, Hirasawa A, Hara T, Tsujimoto G. Free fatty acid receptors act as nutrient sensors to regulate energy homeostasis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2009;89:82-8.
[62] Kimura I, Ozawa K, Inoue D, Imamura T, Kimura K, Maeda T, et al. The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43. Nat Comm. 2013;4:1829.
[63] Tang C, Ahmed K, Gille A. Loss of FFA2 and FFA3 increases insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes. Nat Med. 2015;21:173-7.
[64] Hiromi Y, Katsuhiko F, Erina I, Seika I, Nobuyo k, Kimoto M, et al. Improvement of obesity and glucose tolerance by acetate in type 2 diabetic otsuka long-evans tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007;71:1236-43.
[65] Lau SK, Lam CW, Curreem SO, Lee KC, Lau CC, Chow WN, et al. Identification of specific metabolites in culture supernatant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using metabolomics: exploration of potential biomarkers. Emerging Microbes Infect. 2015;4:e6.
[66] Ramsay TG, Stoll MJ, Shannon AE, Blomberg LA. Metabolomic analysis of longissimus from underperforming piglets relative to piglets with normal preweaning growth. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:36.
[67] Carbone S, Canada JM, Buckley LF, Trankle CR, Billingsley HE, Dixon DL, et al. Dietary fat, sugar consumption, and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2017;2:513-25.
[68] Carbone S, Mauro AG, Mezzaroma E, Kraskauskas D, Marchetti C, Buzzetti R, et al. A high-sugar and high-fat diet impairs cardiac systolic and diastolic function in mice. Int J Cardiol. 2015;198:66-9.