Characteristics of the participants
Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
Characteristics
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
Age (Years), N= 855
|
|
|
18-39 years
|
460
|
53.8
|
40-59 years
|
291
|
34.0
|
≥ 60
|
104
|
12.2
|
Missing
|
0
|
0
|
Median age: 38, IQR: 28 – 50
Mean age: 40.2, SD:14.7
|
|
|
Sex of participant, N=855
|
|
|
Male
|
159
|
18.6
|
Female
|
696
|
81.4
|
Marital status, N=855
|
|
|
Married/Cohabiting
|
567
|
66.6
|
Single/Never married
|
93
|
10.9
|
Separated/Divorced
|
96
|
11.3
|
Widowed/Widower
|
95
|
11.2
|
Missing
|
4
|
|
Education Attainment, N=842
|
|
|
Primary
|
327
|
38.8
|
Secondary
|
281
|
33.4
|
Tertiary
|
97
|
11.5
|
University
|
46
|
5.5
|
No formal education
|
91
|
10.8
|
Missing
|
13
|
|
Religion, N=
|
|
|
Catholic
|
328
|
38.5
|
Anglican
|
289
|
33.9
|
Islam
|
98
|
11.5
|
Pentecostal/Born again
|
128
|
16.0
|
Others
|
9
|
1.1
|
Missing
|
3
|
|
Employment, N= 848
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
315
|
37.2
|
Formal employment
|
533
|
62.8
|
Missing
|
7
|
|
University teaching hospital
|
|
|
Makerere University (Mak)
|
281
|
32.9
|
Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST)
|
286
|
33.5
|
Gulu University (GU)
|
288
|
33.7
|
Specialty Clinic
|
|
|
Diabetic Clinic
|
382
|
44.7
|
Medicine Ward
|
58
|
6.8
|
Gynecology clinic
|
172
|
20.1
|
Gynecology ward
|
243
|
28.4
|
Patients’ attitudes towards presence of medical students during consultations
Most participants (70.1%; n=599) could recognize and differentiate medical students from qualified physicians; more than half (64.8%, n=554) had ever had medical students present during earlier consultations. more than half (68.5%; n=586) would not mind, while 13.8% (n=118) would be eager/very eager with medical students during their consultations (Table 2).
The main considerations patients make in deciding whether or not medical students be involved in their care included perceived severity of illness (55.2%; n=472) and sex (78.4%; n=670) of the medical students. However, patients did not take into account prior experience with medical students (64.8%; n=554), duration of consultation (70%; n=598) and their own religious beliefs (91.5%; n=782) (Table 2).
Perceived importance of involving medical students in patients’ care
Most participants (95.7%; n=818) considered involvement of medical students in patients’ care as an essential (very important and important) ingredient of training of future doctors. The majority of the participants would even prefer that medical students are trained in the public hospitals where they go for care (79.9%; n=683) as opposed to the minority (23.7%; n=203) who would prefer students to be trained in separate designated university teaching hospitals (Table 3).
Table 3: Perceived importance of involving medical students in patients’ care
Domain assessed
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
How important is it for the training for future doctors, that medical students are present when patients are talking to their doctors/physicians about their problems?
|
|
|
Very important
|
682
|
79.8
|
Important
|
136
|
15.9
|
Not sure
|
27
|
3.2
|
Not important
|
8
|
0.9
|
Unnecessary
|
2
|
0.2
|
How important is it for the training of future doctors that medical students examine patients
|
|
|
Very important
|
666
|
77.9
|
Important
|
149
|
17.4
|
Not sure
|
29
|
3.4
|
Not important
|
7
|
0.8
|
Unnecessary
|
4
|
0.5
|
Is it preferable that medical students are trained in designated teaching hospitals separate from public hospitals
|
|
|
Most preferred
|
124
|
14.5
|
A lot preferred
|
79
|
9.2
|
Somewhat preferred
|
165
|
19.3
|
Not quite preferred
|
163
|
19.1
|
Not preferred at all
|
324
|
37.9
|
Is it preferable that medical students are trained in the public hospitals including national and regional referral hospitals?
|
|
|
Most preferred
|
594
|
69.5
|
A lot preferred
|
89
|
10.4
|
Somewhat preferred
|
83
|
9.7
|
Not quite preferred
|
39
|
4.6
|
Not preferred at all
|
50
|
5.9
|
Ability of patients to recognize medical students
Upon adjusting for age, sex, educational attainment and employment status, participants who were single/never married were 68% less likely to recognize and differentiate medical students (AOR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.22 – 0.53) from other members of the healthcare team as compared with the married participants. On adjusting for the same socio-demographic factors above, participants from the newest of the three universities (Gulu University teaching hospital) were two and half times more likely to recognize and differentiate medical students from other members of the healthcare team (AOR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.65 – 3.80) as compared to participants from Makerere University.
Table 4: Factors associated with patients’ recognition of medical students
|
Recognizes medical students
|
Crude Odds ratio
|
*Adjusted Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
Characteristics
|
Yes
N (%)
|
No
N (%)
|
|
|
Age of participants (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
18 – 39
|
310 (51.8)
|
147 (58.3)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
40 – 59
|
218 (36.4)
|
72 (28.6)
|
1.44 (1.03 - 2.00)
|
1.19 (0.80 - 1.76)
|
≥ 60
|
71 (11.9)
|
33 (13.1)
|
1.02 (0.65 - 1.61)
|
1.01 (0.57 - 1.8)
|
Sex of participant
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
121 (20.2)
|
38 (15.1)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Female
|
478 (79.8)
|
214 (84.9)
|
0.70 (0.47 - 1.05)
|
1.04(0.64 - 1.71)
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
416 (69.7)
|
147 (58.8)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Single/never married
|
47 (7.9)
|
46 (18.4)
|
0.36 (0.23 - 0.56)
|
0.32 (0.2 - 0.53)
|
Separated/divorced
|
63 (10.6)
|
33 (13.2)
|
0.67 (0.42 - 1.07)
|
0.86 (0.53 - 1.40)
|
Widowed/widower
|
71 (11.9)
|
24 (9.6)
|
1.05 (0.63 - 1.72)
|
1.71 (0.93 - 3.15)
|
Education attainment
|
|
|
|
|
Primary education
|
215 (36.5)
|
111 (44.4)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
No formal education
|
53 (9.0)
|
37 (14.8)
|
0.74 (0.46- 1.19)
|
0.67 (0.40 - 1.13)
|
Secondary education
|
206 (35.0)
|
74 (29.6)
|
1.44 (1.01 - 2.04)
|
1.87 (1.28 - 2.74)
|
Tertiary education
|
76 (12.9)
|
21 (8.4)
|
1.86 (1.09 - 3.20)
|
2.32 (1.30 - 4.12)
|
University
|
39 (6.6)
|
7 (2.8)
|
2.88 (1.24 - 6.69)
|
4.15 (1.68 - 10.23)
|
Employment status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
191 (32.1)
|
123 (49.2)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Formal employment
|
405 (68.0)
|
127 (50.8)
|
2.05 (1.51 - 2.79)
|
1.79 (1.30 - 2.49)
|
University hospital
|
|
|
|
|
Makerere University
|
164 (27.4)
|
114 (45.2)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Mbarara University (MUST)
|
203 (33.9)
|
83 (32.9)
|
1.70 (1.19 - 2.41)
|
1.30 (0.88 - 1.93)
|
Gulu University
|
232 (38.7)
|
55 (21.8)
|
2.93 (1.98 - 4.33)
|
2.51 (1.67 - 3.80)
|
Specialty
|
|
|
|
|
Gynecology
|
274 (45.7)
|
138 (54.8)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Medical
|
325 (54.3)
|
114 (45.2)
|
1.44 (1.07 - 1.93)
|
1.36 (0.900 - 2.05)
|
MUST=Mbarara University of Science and Technology; *Adjusted for all factors on table; Bold=Factors statistically significant
Factors associated with patients’ dispositions towards presence of medical students
The majority of participants (82.3%; n=704) were comfortable with medical students’ presence during their consultations. After adjusting for age, sex, marital status, and employment, participants with university education had 55% less odds of being comfortable with presence of medical students during consultation compared to those with primary education (adjusted odds ratio (aOR= 0.45, 95%CI: 0.21 — 0.94). On adjusting for age, sex, marital status, educational and employment status, participants from MUST teaching hospital had 2-fold higher odds of being comfortable with presence of medical students compared to participants from Makerere university teaching hospitals (aOR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.20 — 3.39). However, age, sex, marital status and employment status were not significantly associated with patients’ comfort with the presence of medical students during clinical consultations (Table 5).
Table 5: Factors associated with comfort of patients with presence of medical students during consultations
|
Feels comfortable
|
Crude Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
*Adjusted Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
Characteristics
|
Yes, N (%)
|
No, N (%)
|
|
|
Age of participants (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
18 – 39
|
364 (51.7)
|
96 (63.6)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
40 – 59
|
249 (35.4)
|
42 (27.8)
|
1.56 (1.05 - 2.33)
|
1.46 (0.92 - 2.30)
|
≥ 60
|
91 (12.9)
|
13 (8.6)
|
1.85 (0.99- 3.45)
|
1.89 (0.91 - 3.95)
|
Sex of participant
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
133 (18.9)
|
26 (17.2)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Female
|
571 (81.1)
|
125 (82.8)
|
0.89 (0.56 - 1.42)
|
1.08 (0.64 - 1.80)
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
463 (66.1)
|
104 (68.9)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Single/never married
|
74 (10.6)
|
19 (12.6)
|
0.87 (0.51 - 1.51)
|
1.09 (0.61 - 1.96)
|
Separated/divorced
|
81 (11.6)
|
15 (9.9)
|
1.21 (0.67 - 2.19)
|
1.15 (0.63 - 2.1)
|
Widowed/widower
|
82 (11.7)
|
13 (8.6)
|
1.42 (0.76 - 2.64)
|
1.05 (0.51 - 2.16)
|
Education attainment
|
|
|
|
|
Primary education
|
280 (40.4)
|
47 (31.7)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Secondary education
|
221 (31.9)
|
60 (40.3)
|
0.62 (0.41 - 0.94)
|
0.69 (0.45 - 1.07)
|
Tertiary education
|
84 (12.1)
|
13 (8.7)
|
1.08 (0.56 - 2.10)
|
1.11 (0.57 -2.16)
|
University
|
33 (4.8)
|
13 (8.7)
|
0.43 (0.42 - 1.47)
|
0.45 (0.21- 0.94)
|
No formal education
|
75 (10.8)
|
16 (10.7)
|
0.789 (0.42 - 1.47)
|
0.69 (0.36 - 1.32)
|
Employment status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
257 (36.9)
|
58 (38.4)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Formal employment
|
440 (62.85)
|
93 (61.6)
|
1.07 (0.74 - 1.53)
|
1.08 (0.74 - 1.58)
|
University hospital
|
|
|
|
|
Makerere University
|
229 (32.5)
|
52 (34.4)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Mbarara University (MUST)
|
256 (36.4)
|
30 (19.9)
|
1.94(1.19-3.15)
|
2.01(1.20 - 3.39)
|
Gulu University
|
219 (31.1)
|
69 (45.7)
|
0.72(0.48-1.08)
|
0.71 (0.46 -1.09)
|
Specialty
|
|
|
|
|
Gynecology
|
334 (47.4)
|
81 (53.6)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Medical
|
370 (52.6)
|
70 (46.4)
|
1.28 (0.900 - 1.82)
|
1.04 (0.65 - 1.67)
|
MUST=Mbarara University of Science and Technology; *Adjusted for all factors on table; Bold=Factors statistically significant
Influence of specialty on patients comfort with the presence of medical students during consultation
On adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education and employment status, patients from the medical departments of MUST nearly 3-fold higher odds of being comfortable with the presence of medical students during consultations (aOR = 2.83, 95%CI: 1.24 – 6.49) compared to those from Makerere university teaching hospitals. However, no socio-demographic factors were associated with patients’ comfort with the presence of medical students among the gynecology patients in both MUST and GU teaching hospitals as compared to patients from Mak teaching hospital (Table 6 and 7).
Table 6: Factors associated with comfort of patients in the medical specialty with the presence of medical students during consultations
|
Feels comfortable
|
Crude Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
*Adjusted Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
Characteristics
|
Yes
N (%)
|
No
N (%)
|
|
|
Age of participants (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
18 – 39
|
89 (24.1)
|
25 (53.7)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
40 – 59
|
199 (53.8)
|
34 (48.6)
|
1.64 (0.93 - 2.92)
|
1.30 (0.68 - 2.50)
|
≥ 60
|
82 (22.2)
|
11 (15.7)
|
2.09 (0.97 - 5.52)
|
1.86 (0.77 - 4.48)
|
Sex of participant
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
133 (36.0)
|
26 (37.1)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Female
|
237 (64.1)
|
44 (62.9)
|
1.05 (0.62 - 1.79)
|
1.05 (0.59 - 1.89)
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
238 (64.3)
|
47 (67.1)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Single/never married
|
27 (7.3)
|
8 (11.4)
|
0.67 (0.29 - 1.56)
|
0.92 (0.36 - 2.39)
|
Separated/divorced
|
39 (10.5)
|
8 (11.4)
|
0.96 (0.42 - 2.19)
|
0.86 (0.36 - 2.06)
|
Widowed/widower
|
66 (17.8)
|
7 (10.0)
|
1.86 (0.80 - 4.31)
|
1.7 (0.67 - 4.30)
|
Education attainment
|
|
|
|
|
Primary education
|
152 (41.6)
|
22 (31.8)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Secondary education
|
101 (27.7)
|
22 (31.9)
|
0.66 (0.35 - 1.26)
|
0.79 (0.4 - 1.58)
|
Tertiary education
|
46 (12.6)
|
8 (11.6)
|
0.83 (0.35 - 1.99)
|
0.90 (0.36 - 2.22)
|
University
|
18 (4.9)
|
7 (10.1)
|
0.37 (0.14 - 0.99)
|
0.38 (0.133 - 1.07)
|
No formal education
|
48 (13.2)
|
10 (14.5)
|
0.69 (0.31 - 1.57)
|
0.62 (0.26 - 1.46)
|
Employment status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
116(31.7)
|
28(40.0)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Formal employment
|
250(68.3)
|
42(60.0)
|
1.43 (0.85-2.43)
|
1.62 (0.92-2.87)
|
University hospital
|
|
|
|
|
Makerere University
|
114 (30.8)
|
25 (35.7)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Mbarara University (MUST)
|
137 (37.0)
|
11 (15.7)
|
2.73 (1.29 - 5.79)
|
2.83 (1.24 - 6.49)
|
Gulu University
|
119 (32.2)
|
34 (48.6)
|
0.77 (0.43 - 1.37)
|
0.80 (0.42 - 1.51)
|
MUST=Mbarara University of Science and Technology; *Adjusted for all factors on table;
Bold = Factors statistically significant
Table 7: Factors associated with comfort of patients in the gynecology specialty with the presence of medical students during consultations
|
Feels comfortable
|
Crude Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
*Adjusted Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
Characteristics
|
Yes
N (%)
|
No
N (%)
|
|
|
Age of participants (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
18 – 39
|
275 (82.3)
|
71 (87.7)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
40 – 59
|
50 (15.0)
|
8 (9.9)
|
1.61 (0.73 - 3.56)
|
1.73 (0.69 - 4.35)
|
≥ 60
|
9 (2.7)
|
2 (2.5)
|
1.16(0.25-5.5)
|
2.51 (0.35 - 17.87)
|
Sex of participant
|
|
|
|
|
Female
|
334
|
81
|
-
|
-
|
Male
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
225 (68.2)
|
57 (70.4)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Single/never married
|
47 (14.2)
|
11 (13.6)
|
1.08 (0.53 - 2.22)
|
1.11 (0.51 - 2.46)
|
Separated/divorced
|
42 (12.7)
|
7 (8.6)
|
1.52 (065 - 3.56)
|
1.31 (0.44 -3.15)
|
Widowed/widower
|
16 (4.9)
|
6 (7.4)
|
0.68 (0.25 - 1.80)
|
0.30 (0.78 - 1.18)
|
Education attainment
|
|
|
|
|
Primary education
|
128 (39.0)
|
25 (31.3)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Secondary education
|
120 (36.6)
|
38 (47.5)
|
0.62 (0.35 - 1.08)
|
0.6 (0.33 - 1.07)
|
Tertiary education
|
38 (11.6)
|
5 (6.3)
|
1.48 (0.53 - 4.14)
|
1.44 (0.500 - 4.14)
|
University
|
15 (4.6)
|
6 (7.5)
|
0.49 (0.17 - 1.38)
|
0.46 (0.15 - 1.40)
|
No formal education
|
27 (8.1)
|
6 (7.5)
|
0.88 (0.33 - 2.35)
|
0.87 (0.29 - 2.61)
|
Employment status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
141 (42.6)
|
30 (37.0)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Formal employment
|
190 (57.4)
|
51 (63.0)
|
0.79 (0.48 - 1.31)
|
0.81 (0.48 - 1.38)
|
University hospital
|
|
|
|
|
Makerere University
|
115 (34.4)
|
27 (33.3)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Mbarara University (MUST)
|
119 (35.6)
|
19 (23.5)
|
1.47 (0.78 - 2.79)
|
1.64 (0.81 - 3.3)
|
Gulu University
|
100 (30.0)
|
35 (43.2)
|
0.67 (0.38 - 1.19)
|
0.68 (0.37 - 1.26)
|
MUST=Mbarara University of Science and Technology; *Adjusted for all factors on table;
Patients preferred Teaching hospitals
The age, sex, marital status, educational attainment and employment status of participants were not significantly associated with preference as to why medical students should be trained in separate designated university teaching hospitals or in the tertiary public hospitals as it is currently. Upon adjusting for the socio-demographic factors, participants from MUST had 63% less odds of preferring medial students to be trained in designated and separate university teaching hospitals (AOR = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.17 — 0.44) as compared to the participants from Makerere University (Table 8).
However, when asked as to whether medical students be trained in the tertiary public hospitals as opposed to separate university teaching hospitals, most participants (79.9%; n=683) answered to the affirmative. On adjusting for the socio-demographic factors, participants from both GU and MUST teaching hospitals had 2 – 8 folds higher odds (AOR = 2.27 – 8.14, 95%CI: 1.50 – 14.50) compared to those from Mak teaching hospitals prefer training of medical students to be done in the tertiary public hospitals (Table 9).
Table 8: Factors associated with patients’ disposition as to whether medical students be trained in the tertiary public hospitals
|
University teaching hospitals to be autonomous
|
Crude Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
*Adjusted Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
Characteristics
|
Yes
N (%)
|
No
N (%)
|
|
|
Age of participants (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
18 – 39
|
113 (55.7)
|
347 (53.2)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
40 – 59
|
64 (31.5)
|
227 (34.8)
|
0.87 (0.61 - 1.22)
|
0.82 (0.54 - 1.23)
|
≥ 60
|
26 (12.8)
|
78 (12.0)
|
1.02 (0.63 - 1.67)
|
0.99 (0.5 5- 1.81)
|
Sex of participant
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
42 (20.7)
|
117 (17.9)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Female
|
161 (79.3)
|
535 (82.1)
|
0.84 (0.57 - 1.24)
|
0.85 (0.54 - 1.23)
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
140 (69.3)
|
427 (65.8)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Single/never married
|
23 (11.39)
|
70 (10.8)
|
1.00 (0.60 - 1.67)
|
0.85 (0.49- 1.47)
|
Separated/divorced
|
18 (8.9)
|
78 (12.0)
|
0.70 (0.41 - 1.22)
|
0.77 (0.44 - 1.34)
|
Widowed/widower
|
21 (10.4)
|
74 (11.4)
|
0.86 (0.51 - 1.46)
|
1.05 (0.57 - 1.93)
|
Education attainment
|
|
|
|
|
Primary education
|
76 (38.2)
|
251 (39.0)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Secondary education
|
67 (33.7)
|
214 (33.3)
|
1.03 (0.71 - 1.51)
|
0.99 (0.67 - 1.46)
|
Tertiary education
|
24 (12.1)
|
73 (11.4)
|
1.09 (0.64 - 1.84)
|
1.10 (0.64 - 1.89)
|
University
|
16 (8.0)
|
30 (4.7)
|
1.76 (0.91 - 3.42)
|
1.75 (0.88 - 3.49)
|
No formal education
|
16 (10.8)
|
75 (11.7)
|
0.70 (0.39 - 1.28)
|
0.7 (0.64 - 1.89)
|
Employment status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
78 (38.8)
|
237 (36.6)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Formal employment
|
123 (61.2)
|
410 (63.4)
|
0.91 (0.66-1.26)
|
0.88 (0.62 - 1.24)
|
University hospital
|
|
|
|
|
Makerere University
|
83 (40.9)
|
198 (30.37)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Mbarara University (MUST)
|
33 (16.3)
|
253 (38.8)
|
0.31 (0.19 - 0.49)
|
0.27 (0.17 - 0.44)
|
Gulu University
|
87 (42.9)
|
201 (30.8)
|
1.03 (0.72 - 1.48)
|
0.99 (0.67 - 1.46)
|
Specialty
|
|
|
|
|
Gynecology
|
96 (47.3)
|
319 (48.9)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Medical
|
107 (52.7)
|
333 (51.1)
|
1.07 (0.78 - 1.47)
|
1.15 (0.74 - 1.76)
|
MUST=Mbarara University of Science and Technology; *Adjusted for all factors on table; Bold = Factors statistically significant.
Table 9: Medical students to be trained in the regional and national referral hospitals
|
Regional and national referral hospitals to be used for training
|
Crude Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
*Adjusted Odds ratio (95%CI)
|
Characteristics
|
Yes preferred
N (%)
|
Not preferred
N (%)
|
|
|
Age of participants (Years)
|
|
|
|
|
18 – 39
|
374 (54.8)
|
86 (50.0)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
40 – 59
|
227 (33.2)
|
64 (37.2)
|
0.82 (0.57 - 1.17)
|
0.81 (0.53 - 1.25)
|
≥ 60
|
82 (12.0)
|
22(12.8)
|
0.86 (0.51 - 1.45)
|
1.03 (0.54 - 1.96)
|
Sex of participant
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
128 (18.7)
|
31 (18.0)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Female
|
555 (81.3)
|
141 (82.0)
|
0.95 (0.62 - 1.47)
|
1.10 (0.67 - 1.80)
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
461 (67.7)
|
106 (62.4)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Single/never married
|
75 (11.0)
|
18 (10.6)
|
0.96 (0.55 - 1.67)
|
1.02 (0.56 - 1.86)
|
Separated/divorced
|
75 (11.0)
|
21 (12.4)
|
0.82 (0.48 - 1.39)
|
0.77 (0.45 - 1.33)
|
Widowed/widower
|
70 (10.3)
|
25 (14.7)
|
0.64 (0.39 - 1.07)
|
0.63 (0.34 - 1.14)
|
Education attainment
|
|
|
|
|
Primary education
|
265 (39.4)
|
62 (36.5)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Secondary education
|
220 (32.7)
|
61 (35.9)
|
0.84 (0.57 - 1.25)
|
0.81 (0.53 - 1.23)
|
Tertiary education
|
78 (11.6)
|
19 (11.2)
|
0.96 (0.54 - 1.70)
|
0.93 (0.51 - 1.7)
|
University
|
39 (5.8)
|
7 (4.1)
|
1.30 (0.56 - 3.06)
|
1.06 (0.44 - 2.56)
|
No formal education
|
70 (10.4)
|
21 (12.4)
|
0.78 (0.44 - 1.37)
|
0.99 (0.54 - 1.81)
|
Employment status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal employment
|
235 (34.6)
|
80 (47.6)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Formal employment
|
445 (65.4)
|
88 (52.4)
|
1.72 (1.22 - 2.43)
|
1.69 (1.18 - 2.42)
|
University hospital
|
|
|
|
|
Makerere University
|
184 (26.9)
|
97 (56.4)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Mbarara University (MUST)
|
268 (39.2)
|
18 (10.5)
|
7.85 (4.42 - 13.93)
|
8.14 (4.5 7 - 14.50)
|
Gulu University
|
231 (33.8)
|
57 (33.1)
|
2.14 (1.45 - 3.14)
|
2.27 (1.5 - 3.44)
|
Specialty
|
|
|
|
|
Gynecology
|
328 (48.0)
|
87 (50.6)
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Medical
|
355 (52.0)
|
85 (49.4)
|
1.11 (0.79 - 1.55)
|
1.38 (0.87 - 2.19)
|
MUST=Mbarara University of Science and Technology; *Adjusted for all factors on table; Bold = Factors statistically significant