Alix A, Corteesero AM, Nénon JP, Anger JP (2001) Selectivity assessment of chlorfenvinphos reevaluated by including physiological and behavioral effects on an important beneficial insect. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2530-2536. https://www.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2530:saocrb>2.0.co;2
Andersson M (1994) Sexual selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bai M, Beutel RG, Song K-Q, Liu W-G, Malqin H, Li S, Hu X-Y, Yang X-K (2012) Evolutionary patterns of hind wing morphology in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae). Arthropod Struct Dev 41:505-513. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.05.004
Bao H, Liu S, Gu J, Wang X, Liang X, Liu Z (2009) Sublethal effects of four insecticides on the reproduction and wing formation of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Pest Manag Sci 65:170-174. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1664
Bomfim GV, Azevedo BM, Viana TVA, Manzano J, Vasconcelos DV (2015) Formas de aplicação e doses de inseticidas sobre Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em melão amarelo. Rev Ciênc Agron 46:488-496. https://www.doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20150030
Borgia G (1979) Sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. In.: Blum AM, Blum NA (Eds.) Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects. New York: Academic Press 45p.
Brand RJ, Pinnock DE, Jackson KJ, Milstead JE (1976) Viable Spore Count as an Index of Effective Dose of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 27:141-148. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(76)90139-7
Brisson JA (2010) Aphid wing dimorphisms: linking environmental and genetic control of trait variation. Philos. Trans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:605-616. https://www.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0255
Buschman LL, Whitcomb WH, Neal TM, Mays DL (1977) Winter survival and hosts of the velvetbean caterpillar in Florida. Fla Entomol 60:267-273. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/3493921
Butt BA, Cantu E (1962) Sex determination of lepidopterous pupae. Washington: USDA, 7p.
Clutton-Brock TH, Parker GA (1992) Potential reproductive rates and the operation of sexual selection. Q Rev Biol 67:437-456. https://www.doi.org/10.1086/417793
Cruz CD (2001) Programa GENES - Versão Windows. Aplicativo computacional em Genética e Estatística. Viçosa: Editora UFV 1:648.
Darwin C (1859) The origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray 76p.
Desneux N, Decourtye A, Delpuech JM (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol 52:81-106. https://www.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440
Dudley R (2000) The biomechanics of insect flight. Princeton: Princeton University Press 476p.
Fernandes FO, Abreu JA, Christ L, Rodrigues-Filho JA, Martins A, Afonso da Rosa APS (2017) Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1791) in laboratory maize cultivars. Pelotas: Embrapa Temperate Weather 264:1-35.
Fernandes FO, Abreu JÁ, Christ LM, Rosa APS A, Mendes SM (2020). Development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) and Spodoptera frugiperda (SMITH, 1797) in winter forages. J Biosci 36:844-856. https://www.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v36n3a2020-47782
Fernandes FO, Abreu JÁ, Christ LM, Rosa APSA (2018) Insecticides management used in soybean for the control of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Eribidae). J Agric Sci 10:223-230. https://www.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n11p223
Ford BJ, Strayer JR, Reid J, Godfrey GL (1975) The literature of arthropods associated with soybeans. Illinois: Natural History Survival 92:1-21.
Gorür G, Lomônaco C, Mackenzie A (2005) Phenotypic plasticity in host plant specialization in Aphis fabae. Ecol Entomol 30:657-664. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00742.x
Gotthard K, Nylin S (1995) Adaptative plasticity and plasticity as an adaptation: a selective review of plasticity in animal morphology and life history. Oikos 74:3-17. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/3545669
Greene GL, Leppla NC, Dickerson WA (1976) Velvetbean caterpillar: a rearing procedure and artificial medium. J Econ Entomol 69:487-497. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/jee/69.4.487
Haase S, McCarthy CB, Ferrelli ML, Pidre ML, Sciocco-Cap A, Romanowski V (2015) Development of a recombination system for the generation of occlusion positive genetically modified Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus. Viruses 7:1599-1612. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/v7041599
Hayes AM, Lavine MD, Gotoh H, Lin X, Lavine LC (2019) Mechanisms regulating phenotypic plasticity in wing polyphenic insects. Adv In Insect Phys 56:43-72. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.2019.01.005
Howland HC (1974) Optimal strategies for predator avoidance: The relative importance of speed and maneuverability. J Theor Biol 47:333-350. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(74)90202-1
Janmaat AF, Bergmann L, Ericsson J (2014) Effect of low levels of Bacillus thuringiensis exposure on the growth, food consumption and digestion efficiencies of Trichoplusia ni resistant and susceptible to Bt. J Invertebr Pathol 119:32-39. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2014.04.001
Konecka E, Czarniewska E, Adam-Kaznowski A, Grochowska J (2018) Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystals and thymol mixtures. Ind Crop Prod 117:272-277. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.010
Le-Roy C, Debat V, Llaurens V (2019) Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour. Biol Rev 94:1261-1281. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12500
Loh R, David JR, Debat V, Bitner-Matha BC (2008) Adaptation to different climates results in divergent phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape in an invasive drosophilid. J Genetics 87:209-217. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s12041-008-0034-2
Marden JH, Chai P (1991) Aerial predation and butterfly design: How palatability, mimicry, and the need for evasive flight constrain mass allocation. Am Nat 137:15-36. https://www.doi.org/10.1086/285202
Mare RAD, Corseuil E (2004) Morfometria de Papilioninae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) ocorrentes em quatro localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. II. Relação entre partes do corpo, aerodinâmica de vôo e tipos de asas. R Brasil de Zool 21:833–846. https://www.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752004000400018
Meresman Y, Husak JF, Ben-Shlomo R, Ribak G (2020) Morphological diversification has led to inter-specific variation in elastic wing deformation during flight in scarab beetles. R Soc Open Sci 7:200277. https://www.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200277
Milano P, Berti Filho E, Parra JRP, Oda ML, Cônsoli FL (2008) Temperature effects on the mating frequency of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hüebner and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neotrop Entomol 37:528-535. https://www.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2008000500005
Milano P, Berti Filho E, Parra JRP, Oda ML, Cônsoli FL (2010) Effects of adult feeding on the reproduction and longevity of Noctuidae, Crambidae, Tortricidae and Elachistidae species. Neotrop Entomol 39:172-180. https://www.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2010000200005
Oliveira CM, Auad AM, Mendes SM, Frizza SMR (2014). Crop losses and the economic impact of insect pests on Brazilian agriculture. J Crop Prot 56:50-54. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(83)90038-5
Pashley DP, Johnson SJ (1986) Genetic population structure of migratory moths: the velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 79:26-29. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/79.1.26
Rabelo MM, Matos JML, Santos-Amaya OF, França JC, Gonçalves J, Paula-Moraes SV, Guedes RN, Pereira EJG (2020) Bt-toxin susceptibility and hormesis-like response in the invasive southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania). J Crop Prot 132:105129. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105129
Retnakaran A, Lauzon H, Fast PG (1983) Bacillus thuringiensis induced anorexia in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Entomol Exp 34:233-239. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1983.tb03327.x
Roff DA (1992) The evolution of life histories. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Sane SP (2003) The aerodynamics of insect flight. J Exp Biol 206:4191-4208. https://www.doi.org/10.1242 / jeb.00663
Sas University (2014) SAS® 9.4 Statements. Third Edition SAS Instit. Inc., USA.
Schmidt-Nielsen K (1984) Scaling: Why is animal size so importante? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 256p.
Sedaratian A, Fathipour Y, Talaei-Hassanloui R, Jurat-Fuentes JL (2013) Fitness costs of sublethal exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis in Helicoverpa armigera: a carryover study on offspring. Appl Entomol 137:540-549. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12030
Sih A (1987) Predators and prey lifestyles: An evolutionary and ecological overview. In.: Kerfoot WC, Sih A (Eds.) Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. Hanover: University Press of New England p. 203-224.
Sosa-Gómez DR (2004) Intraspecific variation and population structure of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Genet Mol Biol 27:378-384. https://www.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572004000300012
Souza CSF, Silveira LCP, Pitta RM, Waquil JM, Pereira EJG, Mendes SM (2019) Response of field populations and Cry-resistant strains of fall armyworm to Bt maize hybrids and Bt-based bioinsecticides. J Crop Prot 120:1-6. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.01.001
Srygley RB, Chai P (1990) Flight morphology of Neotropical butterflies: palatability and distribution of mass to the thorax and abdomen. Oecologia 84:491-499. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328165
Srygley RB, Thomas ALR (2002) Unconventional lift-generating mechanisms in free-flying butterflies. Nature 420:660–6604. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/nature01223
Stearns SC (1976) Life-history tactics: A review of the ideas. Q Rev Biol 51:3-47. https://www.doi.org/10.1086/409052
Stearns SC (1992) The evolution of life histories. Oxford: University Press. https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1993.6020304.x
Tocco C, Dacke M, Byrne M (2019) Eye and wing structure closely reflects the visual ecology of dung beetles. J Comp Physiol 205:211-221. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01324-6
Vaz LAL, Tavares MT, Lomônaco C (2004) Diversidade e tamanho de Himenopteros parasitoides de Brevicoryne brassicae L. e Aphis nerii Boyer de Foscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotrop Entomol 33:225-230. https://www.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2004000200013
West-Eberhard MJ (2003) Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University, Oxford. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04006.x