Are Surgical and Non-Operating Room Interventions Safe in the COVID-19 Pandemic?: A Retrospective Study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-110458/v1

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Research Article

Are Surgical and Non-Operating Room Interventions Safe in the COVID-19 Pandemic?: A Retrospective Study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-110458/v1

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Background It is not known whether emergency surgeries and interventions are safe during the pandemic period. We investigate the effect of surgery and intervention on COVID-19 disease progression, intensive care (ICU) need, mortality, and virus transmission to patients and healthcare workers.

Methods This retrospective study was conducted between 20 March -20 May 2020 in six hospitals in Istanbul. Patients were examined in three groups. Group I patients who underwent emergency surgery, Group II patients who underwent emergency nonoperating room intervention, Group III patients who underwent inpatient COVID-19 treatment but did not have any surgery or intervention. During this period, all healthcare workers and patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with any of the symptoms, PCR positivity, or Thorax CT findings were recorded. Patient and healthcare worker transmission, unplanned intensive care need, and death due to COVID-19 were also recorded.

Results 1,273 surgical, 476 nonoperating room intervention patients, and 1,884 COVID-19 inpatients were examined. ICU requirement of COVID-19 patients who had surgery was 20 times higher than COVID-19 inpatients and intervention patients but there is no difference in mortality. The total mortality rates were 2.3% in surgical patients, 3.3% in intervention patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and 3% in COVID-19 inpatients. COVID-19 PCR positivity among hospital workers was % 2.4. Only 3.3% of the infected frontline healthcare workers were anesthesiologists. No deaths occurred among infected healthcare workers.

Conclusions Emergency surgeries and interventions during the pandemic period did not increase mortality and can be performed safely with very low transmission rates by complying with the effective use of personal protective equipment.

Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine

COVID-19

Surgery

Nonoperating room intervention

Mortality

Intensive care requirement

COVID-19 transmission

Due to the high contagion pattern of this SARS-CoV-2 and the rapid increase in the number of cases, a pandemic was declared by the WHO. In most of the countries, elective cases have been cancelled, and only urgent cases have been addressed during this period. Some guidelines recommend symptom screening and nucleic acid amplification testing (PCR) before non-emergency procedures, but there is insufficient data on how to make decisions in emergency cases.¹ Due to the low sensitivity of tests and high levels of asymptomatic carriers, it is difficult to detect a patient who is infected with SARS-CoV-2.² Therefore, healthcare workers are also at risk in terms of disease transmission. Limited studies have shown that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have higher perioperative mortality and morbidity because of rapid ARDS progression and cardiovascular failure.³

In the absence of essential surgical treatment, patients who do not receive the necessary health care may become more vulnerable to coronavirus infection. Cancellation or postponement of most cases during the pandemic period may cause more harm to patients than the damage caused by the SARS-CoV-2 in the long term.^4–6Precisely for these reasons, the necessity emerges of understanding the safety of emergency surgery and intervention applications for both healthcare professionals and patients in pandemic hospitals. As a health group that follows and treats patients diagnosed with COVID-19 as well as performing emergency surgery and interventions in our own hospitals, we tried to determine whether this path we follow will be safe in the later peaks of the pandemic.

Overview

This retrospective study was conducted between 20 March and 20 May 2020 in six hospitals in Istanbul that belong to the Acibadem Health Group and Acibadem MAA University. Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Ethical Committee of Acibadem MAA University (protocol no:ATADEK-2020/08). Informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study assesses the effects of emergency surgery and interventions performed during the pandemic period on COVID-19 disease progression and the risk of transmission to healthcare workers and patients. The authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the data.

Patients

Patients who underwent emergency surgery and non-operating room interventions were admitted to the study. All hospital workers and all patients who underwent COVID-19 treatment but did not have any surgery or intervention in the same period were included. Those under 18 years of age were excluded.

Trial procedures

Patients were examined in three groups. Group I patients underwent emergency surgery, Group II patients underwent emergency nonoperating room intervention and Group III patients underwent inpatient COVID-19 treatment but did not have any surgery or intervention. Accompanying comorbidities, epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data, COVID-19 suggestive symptoms, anaesthesia management, surgical type, intensive care and mechanical ventilation needs and outcome data were recorded. PCR was studied from symptomatic patients and healthcare workers. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was made based on PCR positivity, chest computerized tomography (CT) or the presence of clinical symptoms. In all patients diagnosed with COVID-19, supportive treatment and antiviral therapy were initiated in the preoperative period. During this period, all healthcare workers diagnosed with COVID-19 were recorded. Patient and healthcare worker transmission, unplanned intensive care need and death due to COVID-19 were recorded. Unplanned intensive care unite (ICU) need is defined as admission to intensive care (not related to surgical intervention) within the first 10 days after surgery or intervention in patients who do not come from the ICU. All patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and started treatment in the postoperative period were accepted as in-hospital transmission, since it is not known whether the patients were admitted to the procedures in the asymptomatic or presymptomatic period.

Objectives

The primary objective is to evaluate the risk of virus transmission to patients and healthcare workers in emergency surgery and intervention at pandemic hospitals. The secondary objective is to examine the effect of surgery and intervention on COVID-19 disease progression, ICU need and mortality. The third objective is to demonstrate the safety of performing emergency surgeries and interventions during this pandemic period.

Statistical Analysis

All data were analysed using RStudio Cloud 3.5.2 Eggshell Igloo. The Shapiro Wilk Normality Test was used to detect normal distributions. The data were presented as percentages and medians (minimum-maximum). A chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables whereas a Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare numerical variables. A Wilcoxon signed-rank paired test was used to compare preoperative and postoperative laboratories in COVID-19 patient subgroups. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Clinical characteristics of the patients

1,273 surgical, 476 intervention patients and 1,884 inpatients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were examined. When we compared the COVID-19 inpatients and the patients who had surgery and intervention, ASA scores were significantly higher in surgery and intervention patients. Patient characteristics and demographic data are shown in Table 1.

It was determined that the most common emergency surgery was cesarean section (33.7%), and the most common intervention was gastrointestinal endoscopy (49.8%). General anaesthesia was applied to 64.3% of surgical patients, while all interventions were applied with sedoanalgesia.

Disease prevalence and PCR test results

In the pre-operative period, 232 (18.1%) of 1,273 patients who underwent surgery were examined with PCR, 15 (6.5%) of these patients had positive results. 110 (23.1%) out of 476 patients who underwent interventions were examined with PCR, while only 2 (18%) of these patients had positive results. The prevalence of COVID-19 during the preoperative period was 3.1% in surgical patients and 5.9% in intervention patients. In the postoperative period, it was 0.3% in surgical patients and 0.4% in intervention patients.

92% of COVID-19 inpatients were screened by PCR test, and 12.8% of them were PCR positive. PCR data and symptoms of all patients in the perioperative period are shown in Table 2, and the perioperative laboratory data are shown in Table 3.

ICU need and mortality

The ICU needs of surgical patients diagnosed with COVID-19, intervention patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and COVID-19 inpatient were determined to be 44.2%, 20% and 24.4%, respectively. The total mortality rate was 2.3% in surgical patients, 3.3% in intervention patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and 3% in COVID-19 inpatients. ICU need and mortality data are shown in Table 4.

Infected patients and healthcare workers

In our 968-bed healthcare group, a total of 5,874 healthcare workers, 20.3% of whom were doctors and 39% of whom were auxiliary staff, worked during the pandemic period.

Total of 9,889 PCR tests were performed in hospitals, and the positivity rate was 12.8%. Hospital staff received a total of 1,824 tests, and PCR positivity was detected as 7.8%. No deaths occurred among infected healthcare workers. In this period, the prevalence of COVID-19 PCR positivity among hospital workers was 2.4%.

The number of contaminants and disease prevalence among the healthcare workers and infected patients is shown in Table 5.

SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and can be transmitted in the form of aerosol. Both healthcare professionals and patients are at risk during surgery and interventions. This has become an important problem, especially for healthcare institutions that treat patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and follow up on other patients at the same time.

In light of the information in the literature, we made the following preparations to become a pandemic hospital in our health group. COVID-19 operating rooms have been allocated for COVID-19 cases with at least one negative-pressure room for case inputs and outputs. In all confirmed or suspected cases, personal protective equipment( PPE) and special intubation boxes were used for aerosol-generating procedures.

All healthcare workers with symptoms of COVID-19, regardless of whether a PCR test or CT was performed, were taken into isolation for 14 days to limit the exposure of healthy individuals to Coronavirus.

As a healthcare group, we have tried to determine whether this path we follow will be safe in the later peaks of the pandemic.

There was a significant difference between the preoperative COVID-19 prevalence of surgery and intervention patients, and we attributed this to the presence of young cesarean patients without chronic disease who did not need to stay in hospital for a long time. Therefore, we found that the average age of surgical patients was quite low compared to patients undergoing interventions and COVID-19 inpatients (p <0.001). However, the high COVID-19 ratio in the interventional patients was associated with the presence of fragile, hospitalized patients with more risk factors. For this reason, during the preoperative period, the intervention patients were given more PCR tests and thorax CT was more frequently taken.

Patients with COVID-19 who underwent surgery were found to be significantly different in their advanced age, male bodies, HT and use of immunosuppressive drugs when compared with those not diagnosed with COVID-19. The need of these patients for postoperative intensive care was 20 times higher than for those who were negative, but there was no significant difference in mortality (p >0.05). We think that the secondary impact created by surgery increases the need for intensive care, but that antiviral and supportive treatment initiated before surgery has a positive effect on mortality.

We found a similar relationship in mortality for COVID-19-diagnosed intervention patients pre-operatively, but half of the surgery group needed the ICU. Intervention patients did not experience any secondary trauma caused by surgery like surgical patients did, and all patients underwent sedoanalgesia throughout the procedure. However, while thorax CT, which was taken in the pre-operative period, showed more pneumonia in the intervention patients, we found that these patients used more immunosuppressive drugs compared to the surgical patients, despite the lesser ICU need. We have seen that interventions performed with sedoanalgesia that do not require endotracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients do not increase the need for intensive care and mortality. Therefore, we think that interventions requiring sedoanalgesia can be performed more safely in patients with COVID-19 compared to surgery. The guideline published by the American College of Surgeons in March, when the pandemic was at its peak, recommended the implementation of non-surgical treatments to delay or prevent the need for surgery and postpone non-critical procedures. If intervention is safer than surgery for COVID-19 patients, it can be applied more safely as an alternative method, especially in patients at risk of having surgery in other peaks of the pandemic.⁷

To understand how important the secondary impact of surgery is, we compared COVID-19 patients who had undergone surgery or interventions with those hospitalized for COVID-19 without any surgical procedure or intervention. Although the ages are similar, we found that inpatients had fewer risk, that there was no significant difference in mortality, and that the need for intensive care was found to be higher in patients who underwent surgery compared to other patients. All these results show that secondary trauma such as surgery will negatively affect the clinical course of COVID-19 patients. The study, which analyzed 1,128 surgical patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, showed this secondary impact caused by surgery. Mortality was 16.3% in those who had minor surgery, while the rate was 26.9% in those who underwent major surgery.⁸

When we look at the patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who underwent intervention and surgery, we see that the incidence of cancer is higher than for those COVID-19 inpatients. Therefore, we found that the use of immunosuppressive drugs in these patients was significantly higher. Cancer and immunosuppressive drug use may be risk factors when compounded with surgery and COVID-19. Cancer patients are considered more susceptible to infections due to both the malignancy and the immunosuppressive state that results from anticancer treatments.⁹ If there is time, screening cancer patients that require emergency surgery and intervention for COVID-19 with diagnostic methods such as symptoms, PCR and thorax CT may direct the treatment, especially during the pandemic period. A study from China showed that patients with cancer had a five-fold higher risk of COVID-19 infection, a higher risk of serious events, and a greater need for intensive care help than cancer-free patients.¹⁰ In Italy, only 0.71% of 1,257 cancer patients who did not undergo surgery during the peak of the pandemic but received active anticancer treatment in the hospital were diagnosed with COVID-19; the mortality rate was 22%.¹¹ The mortality of our patients is seen to be quite low compared to this study, but it should not be forgotten that the prevalence of COVID-19 in the patients who underwent intervention, a significant portion of whom were immunosuppressive patients, was approximately 2 times higher than in those who had surgery. However, it should be understood that they are a patient group that needs to be more careful in terms of transmission due to their fragility, concomitant comorbidities and long-term inpatient treatment.¹²

In the first stage of the pandemic, our pre-operative PCR test rate was very low, access to the test kit was limited and the result time was long. Therefore, only clinically suspicious cases could be tested in an emergency setting. Although the rate of pre-operative positive results was low, diagnosis of thorax BT and clinical symptoms became more prominent and treatment was required in more patients. We found that the pre-operative PCR test alone was not a guide in our patients. Because, while 6.5% of the tests performed were positive, 22.5% of thorax CTs had infiltration, even in intervention patients this rate was 30.8%. Six publications in the literature on the use of chest CT in pre-operative elective and emergency situations for COVID-19 screening were reviewed by Agrawal et al. CT positivity was 10-80% (range 4.81-16.8), while PCR positivity was 1-88% (range 0-8.81). found. As a result, they showed that although it is not accepted as a gold standard, the positive predictive value of CT increased in regions with high prevalence.¹³ In our cases, the rate of patients diagnosed with Chest CT was higher. We think that the use of CT is an important screening test in high risk patients who will undergo emergency surgery and intervention.

Liu et al. have shown that NLR is an early-stage predictive factor for detecting COVID-19 infected patients.¹⁴ When the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and lymphocyte values are compared in the surgical and intervention patients diagnosed with pre-operative COVID-19, we see that they are significant. Thus, they can be used as auxiliary diagnostic tests in cases where PCR and CT are not accessible.

Our patient transmission prevalence for both groups is lower than 2%, which is the low prevalence value determined by the WHO, and the interventions and surgeries were performed in our hospital with a low risk of contamination. ¹⁵

According to the Chinese study, 3.8% of confirmed cases were healthcare workers, while only five resulted in death.¹⁶ 4.3% of confirmed cases in our hospitals were frontline healthcare workers. These numbers seem quite high, but at the beginning of the pandemic, the shortage and improper use of personal protective equipment was a problem. COVID-19 transmission occurred in 142 (2.4%) of 5,874 healthcare workers, and there was no mortality. Only 3.3% of the infected frontline healthcare workers were anesthesiologists. We see that the infection and contamination rates of the doctors and nurses working in the ward are three times higher, which shows that the healthcare professionals working in the operating room and the intervention areas use personal protective equipment more frequently and correctly.

Our study has some limitations. The SARS-CoV-2 PCR test could not be performed on most of the patients due to the insufficiency of the test kit, and only symptom screening was performed, so we may not have identified asymptomatic infected patients. Some of our patients were young without comorbidity; even if they were infected, they may have had an asymptomatic pneumonia progression. The low number of surgical and intervention patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 decreases the statistical power, and this is an important limiting factor of our study. Therefore, multicentric studies with a much higher number of patients are needed.

It should be known that it is very important to scan surgical and intervention patients for COVID-19 using all possible diagnostic methods in the pre-operative period, especially with immunosuppressive patients; that surgery performed on patients will double their ICU need; and that the secondary impact caused by interventions on the progression of COVID-19 infection is very low. Patients with COVID-19 who underwent surgery and intervention with antiviral and supportive treatment initiated in the preoperative period did not have significantly higher mortality than COVID-19 inpatients who did not have surgery or intervention. In the operating rooms and invasive intervention areas with a relatively low density, we can say that due to the more regular use of the necessary personal protective equipment, there are fewer contaminants, and the doctors and nurses working in the emergency rooms and wards have higher transmission rates.

If your health system has enough facility capacity and capability, you can proceed with the essential surgical procedures and interventions with area safety rules and effective use of PPE during pandemic.

COVID-19: Corona Virus Disease 2019; PPE: personal protective equipment; WHO: World Health Organization; ICU: Intensive care unit; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; CT: Computerized tomography; ARDS: Adult Respiratory Distress syndrome

Authors’ contributions

SAY, FT, HU and ZTS designed the study. SAY drafted the manuscript. ZTS modified the manuscript. SAY, ZTS, HU and COVİD-19 study group performed the study and collected data. BG performed the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

There was no funding and financial support for this study.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Ethical Committee of Acibadem MAA University (protocol no: ATADEK-2020/08) and therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

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Table 1. Patients characteristics

	SP (n=1273)	IP (n=476)	Total (SP + IP) (n=1749)	HCovP (n=1884)	p₁	p₂	p₃
Age, years	37 (32 – 50)	47 (36 – 60)	39 (32 – 55)	52 (38 – 67)	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	*<0.001*
Male, n (%)	357 (28.0)	193 (40.6)	550 (31.4)	1036 (54.9)	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	*<0.001*
ASA Classification>2, n (%)	115 (9.0)	61 (12.8)	176 (10.1)	35 (1.9)	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	*<0.001*
Comorbidities, n (%) Hypertension DM CRF CAD Immunosuppressive drug COPD Smoking CVA	201 (15.8) 110 (8.6) 26 (2.0) 77 (6.0) 81 (6.4) 32 (2.5) 218 (17.1) 18 (1.4)	140 (29.4) 56 (11.8) 11 (2.3) 66 (13.9) 94 (19.8) 42 (8.8) 92 (19.3) 10 (2.1)	341 (19.5) 166 (9.5) 37 (2.1) 143 (8.2) 175 (10.0) 74 (4.2) 310 (17.7) 28 (1.6)	206 (10.9) 114 (6.1) 32 (1.7) 77 (4.1) 3 (0.2) 37 (2.0) 318 (16.9) 18 (1.0)	*<0.001* *0.006* 0.482 *0.012* *<0.001* 0.302 0.864 0.235	*<0.001* *<0.001* 0.372 *<0.001* *<0.001* *<0.001* 0.208 *0.039*	*<0.001* *<0.001* 0.359 *<0.001* *<0.001* *<0.001* 0.506 0.082
COVID (+) patients, n (%)	43 (3.4)	30 (6.3)	73 (4.2)	1884 (100)	<0.001	*<0.001*	*<0.001*

CAD, coronary arterial disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; HCovP, hospitalized COVID patients; IP, intervention patients; SP, surgical patients; p₁, SP&HCovP ; p₂, IP&HCovP ; p₃, Total&HCovP

Table 2.Patients PCR data, symptoms and prevalence

	SP (n=1273)	IP (n=476)
Preoperative Period
The number of PCR test, n (%) total positive	232 (18.2) 15 (6.5)	110 (23.1) 2 (1.8)
The number of CT, n (%) total positive infiltration	151 (11.9) 34 (22.5)	78 (16.4) 26 (30.8)
Patients who have only clinical symptoms, n (%)	4 (0.3)	0 (0.2)
Treated patients, n (%)	39 (3.1)	28 (5.9)
Prevalence (%)	3.1	5.9
Symptoms, n (%) Cough Fever Arthralgia Throat ache Neurological findings Diarrhea Anosmia	18 (46.2) 14 (35.9) 8 (20.5) 3 (7.7) 2 (5.1) 2 (5.1) 1 (2.6)	7 (28.0) 5 (20.0) 3 (12.0) 1 (4.0) 1 (4.0) 1 (4.0) 0 (0.0)
Postoperative Period
	SP (n=1273)	IP (n=476)
The number of PCR test, n (%) total positive	47 (3.7) 2 (4.3)	18 (3.8) 2 (11.1)
The number of CT, n (%) total positive infiltration	19 (3.0) 3 (15.8)	18 (4.2) 1 (5.6)
Patients who have only clinical symptoms, n (%)	1 (0.1)	0 (0.0)
Treated patients, n (%)	4 (0.3)	2 (0.4)
Prevalence (%)	0.3	0.4
Symptoms, n (%) Cough Fever Arthralgia Throat ache Neurological findings Diarrhea Anosmia	3 (75.0) 2 (50.0) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)	2 (100.0) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)

CT, computed tomography; IP, intervention patients; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SP, surgical patients

Table 3. Comparison of COVID (-) and COVID (+) Surgical and Intervention Patients

	COVID (-) SP (n=1234)	Preop COVID (+) SP (n=39)	p₁	COVID (-) IP (n=446)	Preop COVID (+) IP (n=28)	p₂
Age, years	37 (32 – 48)	57 (41 – 66)	*<0.001*	46 (35 – 59)	62 (51 – 72)	*0.001*
Male, n (%)	337 (27.3)	21 (53.9)	*0.002*	178 (39.9)	15 (53.6)	0.060
BMI, kg/m²	25.7 (21.8 - 29.1)	26.9 (22.8 - 30.1)	0.451	26.2 (23.1 - 29.0)	26.7 (25.0 - 28.7)	0.599
ASA classification>2, n (%)	813 (65.9)	30 (76.9)	0.120	323 (70.7)	20 (80.0)	0.438
Preoperative comorbidities, n (%) Hypertension DM CRF CAD Immunosuppressive drugs COPD Smoking CVA	183 (14.8) 106 (8.6) 24 (2.0) 74 (6.0) 72 (5.8) 24 (2.0) 206 (16.7) 15 (1.2)	19 (48.7) 5 (12.8) 3 (7.7) 4 (10.3) 9 (23.1) 8 (20.6) 12 (30.8) 3 (7.7)	*<0.001* 0.302 0.052 0.416 *<0.001* *<0.001* *0.028* *0.006*	126 (28.3) 51 (11.4) 9 (2.0) 58 (13.0) 86 (19.3) 35 (7.8) 87 (19.5) 8 (1.8)	15 (53.6) 6 (21.4) 3 (10.7) 9 (32.1) 7 (25.0) 7 (25.0) 5 (17.9) 2 (7.1)	*0.001* 0.107 *0.013* *0.003* 0.383 *0.002* 1.000 0.157
Preoperative laboratories WBC Lymphocyte count NLCR	8.6 (6.8 - 10.9) 1.84 (1.43 - 2.33) 3.2 (2.0 - 4.7)	7.7 (5.9 - 10.7) 1.30 (0.80 - 1.90) 5.5 (3.0 - 13.5)	*0.018* *<0.001* *<0.001*	7.7 (6.0 - 9.9) 1.72 (1.22 - 2.32) 2.8 (1.9 - 4.8)	7.7 (5.9 - 10.7) 1.30 (0.80 - 1.90) 5.4 (2.9 - 9.4)	0.911 *0.006* *0.011*
Postoperative laboratories WBC Lymphocyte count NLCR	11.3 (8.9 - 13.9) 1.48 (1.03 - 1.97) 6.0 (3.9 - 9.3)	10.0 (7.4 - 17.0) 1.00 (0.72 - 1.68) 9.1 (4.2 - 23.9)^#,§	0.852 *0.006* *0.01*	8.2 (6.4 - 11.1) 1.42 (0.93 - 1.91) 3.9 (2.4 - 8.0)	7.8 (6.3 - 11.6) 1.34 (0.86 - 1.84) 4.6 (2.8 - 7.7)	0.878 0.548 0.992
Postoperative COVID (+) patients, n (%)	4 (0.2)	-		2 (0.4)	-
ICU requirement, n (%)	28 (2.3)	18 (46.2)	*<0.001*	9 (2.0)	5 (20.0)	*<0.001*
Mortality, n (%)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.6)	0.805	0 (0.0)	1 (3.6)	0.898

CAD, coronary arterial disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; HCovP, hospitalized COVID patients; ICU, intensive care unit, NLCR, neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio; IP, intervention patients; SP, surgical patients;WBC, white blood cell

^#, wilcoxon signed rank exact tests; ^§, p=0.005 (preoperative NLCR & postoperative NLCR)

Table 4. Patients characteristics and outcomes in patients with Covid-19

	SP (n=43)	IP (n=30)	Total (SP + IP) (n=73)	HCovP (n=1884)	p₁	p₂	p₃
Age, years	55 (43 – 66)	50 (10 – 65)	56 (45 – 66)	52 (38 – 67)	0.832	0.103	0.231
Male, n (%)	28 (66.7)	16 (53.3)	44 (61.1)	1035 (54.9)	0.132	1.000	0.303)
ASA Classification>2, n (%)	7 (16.3)	13 (43.3)	20 (27.4)	35 (1.9)	*<0.001*	*<0.001*	*<0.001*
Comorbidities, n (%) Hypertension DM CRF CAD Immunosuppressive drug COPD Smoking CVA	12 (27.9) 4 (9.3) 0 (0.0) 4 (9.3) 20 (46.5) 4 (9.3) 16( 37.2) 0 (0.0)	17 (56.7) 6 (20.0) 3 (10.0) 10 (33.3) 24 (80.0) 8 (26.7) 5 (16.7) 2 (6.7)	29 (39.7) 10 (13.7) 3 (4.1) 14 (19.2) 44 (60.3) 12 (16.4) 21 (28.8) 2 (2.8)	206 (10.9) 114 (6.1) 32 (1.7) 77 (4.1) 3 (0.2) 37 (2.0) 318 (16.9) 18 (0.1)	*<0.001* 0.353 0.394 0.083 *<0.001* *<0.001* *<0.001* 0.525	*<0.001* *0.006* *0.007* *<0.001* *<0.001* *<0.001* 1.000 *0.032*	*<0.001* *0.007* 0.121 *<0.001* *<0.001* *<0.001* *0.007* 0.131
Preoperative COVID (+) patients, n (%) ICU requirement, n (%) MV requirement, n (%) MV duration, days LOS-ICU, days LOS-Hospital, days Mortality	39 (90.7) 18 (41.9) 10 (55.6) 16 (12 - 24) 19 (10 - 22) 26 (22-32) 1 (2.6)	28 (93.3) 5 (17.9) 3 (60.0) 13 (2 - 28) 15 (2 - 26) 19 (17 - 30) 1 (3.6)	64 (88.9) 23 (35.9) 13 (56.5) 14 (10 - 27) 17 (8 - 26) 22 (20 - 31) 2 (3.1)	-	-	-	-
Postoperative COVID (+) patients, n (%) ICU requirement, n (%) MV requirement, n (%) Mortality	4 (9.3) 1 (25.0) 1 (25.0) 0 (0.0)	2 (6.7) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) (0.0)	6 (8.2) 2 (33.3) 2 (33.3) (0.0)	-	-	-	-
ICU requirement, n (%)	19 (44.2)	6 (20.0)	23 (31.5)	460 (24.4)	*0.033*	0.443	*0.044*
Mortality, n (%)	1(2.3)	1(3.3)	2 (2.7)	57 (3.0)	0.809	1.000	0.904

CAD, coronary arterial disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; HCovP, hospitalized COVID patients; ICU, intensive care unit, IP, intervention patients; SP, surgical patients

p₁, SP&HCovP ; p₂, IP&HCovP ; p₃, Total&HCovP

Table 5. Infected patients and healthcare workers ratios

	SP (n=1273)	IP (n=476)	HCovP (n=1884)
Infected patients, n (%)	4 (0.3)	2 (0.4)	-
Infected healthcare workers, n (%)	17 (1.0)		72 (3.8)
Anesthesiologist, n (%)	3 (0.2)
Anesthesia technician, n (%)	2 (0.1)		-
Surgeon, n (%)	6 (0.5)	-	-
Doctor, n (%)	-	4 (0.8)	42 (2.2)
Nurse, n (%)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.2)	30 (1.6)
COVID-19 prevalence for hospital healthcare workers, (%)	2.4

HCovP, hospitalized COVID patients; IP, intervention patients; SP, surgical patients

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Are Surgical and Non-Operating Room Interventions Safe in the COVID-19 Pandemic?: A Retrospective Study

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