A Splice-site Variant (C.3289-1G&gt;T) in OTOF&nbsp;Underlies Profound Hearing Loss in a Pakistani Kindred

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-122011/v1

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A Splice-site Variant (C.3289-1G>T) in OTOF Underlies Profound Hearing Loss in a Pakistani Kindred

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-122011/v1

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published 04 Jan, 2021

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Background: Hearing loss/deafness is a common otological disorder found in the Pakistani population due to the high prevalence of consanguineous unions, but the full range of genetic causes is still unknown.

Methods: A large consanguineous Pakistani kindred with hearing loss was studied. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to search for the candidate gene underlying the disease phenotype. A minigene assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the effect of splicing variants.

Results: The splicing variants of OTOF (NM_194248, c.3289-1G>T) cosegregated with the disease phenotype in this Pakistani family. The substitution of a single base pair causes the deletion of 10 bp (splicing variant 1) or 13 bp (splicing variant 2) from exon 27, which results in truncated proteins of 1141 and 1140 amino acids, respectively.

Conclusion: Our findings reveal an OTOF splice-site variant as pathogenic for profound hearing loss in this family.

Epigenetics & Genomics

Hearing loss

OTOF

Splice acceptor site

Minigene

Hearing loss is characterized by any degree (mild, moderate, severe, or profound) of loss of the ability to hear that can occur at any stage of life [1, 2]. Congenital hearing loss is the fourth highest cause of disability globally with a prevalence ranging from 0.2 to 1% among newborns worldwide [3, 4]; currently, there are approximately 466 million people with hearing loss [5]. In Pakistan, hereditary deafness covers 70% of cases, and autosomal recessive hearing impairment accounts most due to the high rate of consanguineous marriages [6]. Generally, hearing loss is classified into syndromic or non-syndromic, based on whether accompanied by other organ disorders.[1]. Nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) can categorized as prelingual and postlingual deafness. In the prelingual NSHL category, the proportion of inheritance pattern varies, with autosomal recessive about 75 ~ 80%, dominant 20–25% and X-linked 1-1.5% [7]. To date, at least 70 genes and 89 loci for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) have been discovered (http://hereditaryhearingloss.org). Nongenetic factors such as congenital cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, asphyxia, and exposure to noise or ototoxic drugs can also cause hearing loss. A variety of genes are implicated in hearing loss, such as the gap junction protein2(GJB2), the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4 (KCNQ4) and OTOF [7]. The OTOF gene, located on chromosome 2p23.3, measures 90 kb and contains 48 coding exons [8]. Otoferlin (OMIM; 603681) protein, encoded by OTOF, is a Ca²⁺-binding transmembrane protein of synaptic vesicles which play a crucial part in maintaining exocytosis and vesicle priming at the ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cell [9, 10]. DFNB9 (OMIM; 601071) is an ARNSHL caused by OTOF mutations, affecting the function of hair cell in the inner ear and the neurotransmission of auditory signal [11, 12]. A previous study indicated that OTOF mutations were the genetic cause in 13 (2.3%) of 557 Pakistani families with hereditary deafness [13], and a recent study showed that OTOF mutations was responsible for moderate to severe hearing loss in 4.4 percent of people in Pakistan [14]. The invariant GT and AG dinucleotides in the 5′ and 3′ splice sites are of importance as their mutations generally lead to human genetic diseases [15]. Here, we report an OTOF gene splicing acceptor site (NM_194248): c.3289-1G > T mutation that caused profound hearing loss in a large consanguineous Pakistani family.

Family and clinical examination

The consanguineous family, recruited from rural suburbs in southern Pakistan, included the two phenotypes of intellectual disability and deafness, but none of the patients showed both phenotypes. Subjects with intellectual disability showed axonal polyneuropathy and other physical features[16]. There were seven deaf patients (four males and three females) in this five-generation pedigree. The affected subjects segregated in the fourth and fifth generations in a manner that suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern (Fig. 1A). The clinical evaluations included pure-tone audiometry (PTA) at 125-8 kHz in a quiet room and impedance audiometry or tympanometry of six affected individuals (IV-2, IV-4, IV-5, IV-9, V-2, V-11) and one unaffected individual (IV-16). A brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA) test was performed for subject V-10 (Additional File 1). Written informed consent was obtained from the family elders under the regulations of the Institutional Review Board of the School of Life Sciences, Central South University, and Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad.

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and data analysis

Blood samples were collected from 7 affected and 28 unaffected subjects in the family in 5 ml EDTA tubes (Fig. 1A). Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of all recruited family members using the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega A1620). The quality of DNA was checked on a Nanospec Cube Biophotometer (Nanolytik, Dusseldorf, Germany). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on one microgram genomic DNA samples from two affected (V-2, V-11) and one unaffected individual (IV-16) using the Agilent Sure-Select Target Enrichment System (V6) and the Illumina X Ten platform. Generated reads were aligned to human reference genome GRCH37/hg19 using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (version 0.7.12-r1044). Variants were called by GATK (version 3.5) and annotated by ANNOVAR (version 2015-06-17). We filtered WES data variants as the strategy in Ahmed et al[16] and excluded the variants with allele frequencies > 0.01 as reported in the GnomAD, Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC), 1000 Genome and ESP6500 databases. Missense mutations, nonsense mutations and splicing variants were evaluated. Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT), Polymorphism Phenotyping V.2 (PolyPhen-2), and Mutation Taster were used to assess the overall impact of the variant selected for Sanger analysis. We have uploaded the associated datasets of this study to the SRA - NCBI repository (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/study/?acc=PRJNA675842&o=acc_s%3Aa).

Sanger sequence analysis of the selected gene variant

Primers were designed with Primer3 to validate the selected variant (NM_194248: c.3289-1G > T) from WES data through Sanger sequencing. The primer sequences were as follows: forward, 5′-cgtggtccttagggggttt-3′; reverse, 5′-gagtgcgacttggtgcagat-3′. PCR amplification was performed with these primers for all available individuals by using the GeneAmp PCR system 2720 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The PCR mix consisted of 5 µL of premix ExTaq Polymerase (Takara Bio, Dalian, China), 30 ng of DNA, 50 ng of primers, and ddH₂O for a total volume of 10 µL. The PCR conditions were as follows: an initial denaturing step at 95℃; 35 cycles of denaturing at 95℃ for 1 min, annealing at 58℃ for 1 min, and extension at 72℃ for 1 min; and a final extension step at 72℃ for 10 min. The PCR products were verified by 1% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide (EB) staining, after which Sanger sequencing was performed. Sequence traces were visualized with CodonCode Aligner (Version 7.1.2) and SeqMan (Lasergene).

Minigene design and plasmid construction

A minigene splicing assay was performed as previously described[17]. In order to assess the impact of the detected sequence variant on splicing, a minigene assay was performed for exons 25–29 of OTOF (Fig. 3A). The primers were designed with Primer-Blast (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast), and the sequences were as follows: forward, 5′-TTGGCGCGCCCTCTGGCTTTGAGAGCACCAG-3′; reverse, 5′-ATAAGAATGCGGCCGCAGCCTGACTGGACAGATGGAT-3′. The genomic DNA (gDNA) of the unaffected heterozygous individual IV-16 was amplified using Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA polymerase (p505-d1/d2/d3, Vazyme, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China) with the appropriate primers and then introduced into the pCAGGS-IRES-green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector by Sgsl and NOT1 (ER1892 and FD0596, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The plasmid was used to transform E. coli DH5α (CB101-2, Tiangen, Beijing, China). Ten positive clones were selected on Luria-Bertani (LB) plates, and the genotypes of the clones were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. After sequence alignment, wild-type and mutant plasmids were selected to transfect cell lines.

Cell culture and transfection

Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and HeLa cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco-BRL Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco-BRL Life Technologies). Cells were grown in 24-well plates at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Wild-type and mutant plasmids in an otherwise similar construct were transfected into HEK 293 cells and HeLa cell using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (L3000008, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Reverse transcription PCR

After 24 hours, RNA was extracted from the cells using the FastPure Cell/Tissue Total RNA Isolation Kit (RC101-01, Vazyme, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). cDNA was generated from 500 ng of total RNA using a RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (K1621, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The primer sequences were as follows: forward, 5′-GTGCTGAATGAGACCCTGTG-3′; reverse, 5′-CCGTGGTGTTCCAGCTGGGG-3′. PCRs were generated using Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA polymerase (p505-d1/d2/d3, Vazyme). The amplification was performed for 35 cycles of 72 °C for 1 min, 62 °C for 30 sec, and 72 °C for 1 min.

Construction of the pMD-19T plasmid

The final product was introduced into the plasmid vector pMD19-T using a DNA ligation kit (D102A, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Then, the plasmid was used to transform DH5α cells (CB101-2, Tiangen, Beijing, China). The positive clones were selected by blue/white screening on Luria-Bertani (LB) plates; ten successful clones from HEK 293 cells and ten from HeLa cells were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Clinical findings

The ages of the seven affected subjects ranged from 1 to 28 years, and these subjects presented congenital, symmetrical bilateral hearing impairment. No malformation of any other organ system was evident in the fourth or fifth generation of the pedigree (Fig. 1A). PTA of six affected individuals (IV-2, IV-4, IV-5, IV-9, V-2, and V-11) and one unaffected individual (IV-16) showed readings of ≥ 90 dB, while the BERA test of V-10 revealed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (Table 1, Fig. 2A, Additional File 1A); the tympanograms were of the normal type, ‘A’, in all tested ears except the right ears of two subjects (IV-5, IV-9), which had type ‘As’ tympanograms (Table 1, Fig. 2B, and Additional File 1B). Pedigree and clinical results suggested that it is a profound type of ARNSHL, as per the criteria of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA 2015).

Table 1

Clinical evaluations of assessed subjects/patients
Ped. ID		Age (y)		Status	Clinical test	PTA	Imp: type		Severity	Diagnosis
Ped. ID	Sex	Age (y)		Status	Clinical test	PTA	R. ear	L. ear	Severity	Diagnosis
IV-16	M		29	N	PTA & Imp	≤ 30 dB	A	A	Normal	Normal
IV-2	M		28	A	PTA & Imp	≥ 100 dB	A	A	Profound	ARNSHL
IV-4	M		27	A	PTA & Imp	≥ 90 dB	A	A	Profound	ARNSHL
IV-5	F		12	A	PTA & Imp	≥ 100 dB	As	A	Profound	ARNSHL
IV-9	M		26	A	PTA & Imp	≥ 100 dB	As	A	Profound	ARNSHL
V-2	F		5	A	PTA & Imp	≥ 105 dB	A	A	Profound	ARNSHL
V-10	M		1	A	BERA	Nil	Nil	Nil	Profound	ARNSHL
V-11	F		9	A	PTA & Imp	≥ 100 dB	A	A	Profound	ARNSHL
M: male; F: female; N: normal; A: affected; PTA: pure-tone audiometry; Imp: impedance (tympanometry); type ‘A’ or type ‘As’; BERA: brain stem emission response audiogram;

Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger analysis

After the filtering strategy was applied to the WES data (see Methods), 209 variants were found in the affected subject V-2, 210 in the affected subject V-11, and 193 in the unaffected subject IV-16. Six possible candidate variants (CRISPLD2:NM_031476:c.1292A > G:p.N431S, ADCY3:NM_004036: c. 557 G > A: p.S186N, OTOF:NM_194248:c.3289-1G > T, CIB4:NM_001029881:c.364C > G: p.L122V, RGPD4:NM_182588:c.2468A > T:p.K823M, PPP2R2B:NM_181675:c.57_58insAG CAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGC:p.C20delinsSSSSSSSC) were present in both affected subjects but not in the unaffected individual. The candidate gene OTOF has already been reported to be associated with a hearing loss phenotype matching this family’s phenotype, and the allele frequency (NM_194248: c.3289-1G > T) is 0.000004 (allele count: 1 out of 249936) according to the GnomAD databases. Sanger sequencing was implemented to validate the variant in all family members; the variant was found to cosegregate with the phenotype of hearing loss in the pedigree (Fig. 1).

Minigene assay for splicing mutation

A minigene assay and reverse transcription PCR analysis confirmed the normal splicing of messenger RNA in exon 27 with the wild-type allele. Two predominant splicing variants of OTOF are produced through the c.3289-1G > T variation in the intron 26 splice acceptor site: splicing variant 1, p.Ile1097Glnfs45, is a 10 bp deletion with the sequence ATTGGACCAG; splicing variant 2, p.Ile1097Glyfs44, is a 13 bp deletion with the sequence ATTGGACCAAGCAG (Fig. 3B). The splicing assay indicated that the c.3289-1G > T mutated minigene produces these two spliced transcripts, which cause a frameshift that result in an early termination of protein expression in both HEK 293 and HeLa cell lines, and splicing variant 2 was 3- to 4-fold more common than splicing variant 1. The expression of splicing variant 1 and splicing variant 2 was predicted with Snapgene (http://www.snapgene.com/) (Fig. 3C).

According to the guidelines in the ACMG [1], all patients with hearing loss in this large consanguineous family were found to have pre-lingual profound deafness by a clinical examination including PTA and tympanometry. The WES results of three subjects (IV-16, V-2, and V-11) identified a splicing mutation (NM_194248: c.3289-1G > T; exon 27) in the OTOF gene that caused profound deafness/hearing loss. Previous studies have also shown that OTOF mutation causes profound hearing loss. In a recent cohort study, OTOF was found to contribute most to AR hearing loss in the Saudi Arabian population, responsible for 21.1% (7/11) of cases in the study population [4]. Wang et al. also reported that OTOF mutations cause mild, moderate, or profound hearing loss [2]. In our study, all patients suffer from bilateral profound hearing loss with PTA ≥ 90 dB at a frequency of 125-8 kHz (Fig. 2A, Additional File 1A). In this family, we also performed impedance testing or tympanometry to define the status of the tympanic membrane. The middle ear and impedance test results universally showed normal type ‘A’ tympanic membranes except in two subjects (IV-5 and IV-9), who had the ‘As’ type in the right ear, potentially marking progression to the abnormal state of ‘otosclerosis’; none of the participants had other physical abnormalities or syndromic features (Fig. 2B, Additional File 1B).

Aberrant transcript splicing represents a common class of mutations in hearing loss. The splicing mutation NM_194248:c.3289-1G > T has been reported in OTOF by Naz et al. 2017 and was predicted to cause skipping of exon 27 [14]. This mutation, affecting the canonical GU-AG dinucleotides at the splice acceptor site, is highly predictive of splicing defects. This splice-site mutation may erase regular splice sites and thereby alter exon recognition. We used a minigene assay to determine how the mutation alters exon recognition. The results demonstrated that the mutation destroys the canonical acceptor site and leads to the use of alternative sites.

Otoferlin plays a major role in sustaining exocytosis and vesicle priming at the synapses of cochlear IHC(inner hair cells)[9, 10]. Otoferlin acts as a Ca²⁺ sensor to set the rates of primed vesicle fusion to replenish the presynaptic plasma membrane and synaptic vesicle pool in the active zone of IHCs [10]. Otoferlin has six C2 domains expressed in humans; from C to N terminus, these domains are as follows: C2A = 1–97 aa, C2B = 254–352 aa, C2C = 417–528 aa, C2D = 960–1067 aa, C2E = 1493–1592 aa, and C2F = 1733–1863 aa [18]. C2E and C2F interact with the syntaxin-1 t-SNARE motif, and the maximum binding occurs in the calcium range of 20–50 µM, with C2F binding to calcium directly. Calcium acts as a molecular switch regulating the opening and closing of otoferlin which is part of the mechanism of exocytosis [19]. This suggests that the C2F domain is important in the normal physiology of hearing; indeed, according to the ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/), there are 18 known C2F mutations that cause hearing loss. Our study demonstrates that the splice-site mutation produced a truncated mature otoferlin protein lacking the C2E and C2F domains, which suggests that the truncated protein could not coordinate between vesicle fusion and synaptic vesicle pool replenishment and could not function as a Ca²⁺ sensor in IHCs, which eventually disrupted the temporal precision of IHC activity and thus produced the phenotype in this pedigree.

According to ACMG standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants, this variant met the PVS1 (null variant splice site), PS3 (established by in vitro studies to have a damaging effect on the gene), PM2 (extremely low frequency if recessive), and PP1 (cosegregation with a disease in all affected subjects) criteria for pathogenicity [20], thus qualifying as a pathogenic variant.

The present study, through WES, Sanger sequencing, and minigene approaches, describes a splice acceptor site mutation (NM_194248: c.3289-1G > T) in OTOF that causes profound hearing loss; now that this splice-site variant has been implicated as pathogenic for hearing loss, the results provide evidence that that these findings will facilitate the diagnosis of deafness/hearing loss in future studies.

ACMG

American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics

PTA

pure-tone audiometry

BERA

brain stem evoked response audiometry

HEK

human embryonic kidney

IHC

inner hair cells

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The current study project, “The Study of Human Genetic Disorders in Pakistani Families” was conducted according to the regulations of the Institutional Review Board of the School of Life Sciences, Central South University, and the Ethical Review Board of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. This study was submitted to and approved by the Ethical Review Board of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Written informed consent was obtained from the family elders/guardians with the approval of the Ethical Review Board of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was collected on behalf of all participants in the study (because of local customs, there was no need to obtain consent from each participant) from the elders/guardians to publish the clinical details, images, photographs, and pedigree.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 81671122, No: 81730036); the Key R&D Program of Hunan Province (No: 2018DK2016); the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No: 2019JJ70002) and the Science and Technology Major Projects of Hunan Province (No: 2019SK2051).

Author’s contribution

A.A.: Data collection, genetic experimental genetic work, manuscript preparation. M.W.: Functional experiments and minigene design. R.K.: Review and improvement of manuscript. A.A.S.: Review of manuscript. H.G.: Manuscript editing and preparation. S.M.: Data analysis, including clinical data analysis. K.X.: Review and supervision of study. Z.M.H.: Review, study design, and data analysis.

Acknowledgments

We are pleased to thank the patients and family elders for participating in this study and allowing us to use their medical records for the benefits of human society. We also appreciate our colleagues for their help and advice in this study.

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Additionalfile1.jpg
Additional File 1: Clinical tests performed for patients (A). Pure-tone audiometry for IV-4, IV-5, IV-9, V-2, and V-11; BERA test for V-10. (B). Tympanometry for IV-2, IV-4, IV-5, V-2, and V-11.

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Journal Publication

published 04 Jan, 2021

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Submission checks completed at journal
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Editorial decision: Minor revision
02 Dec, 2020
First submitted to journal
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You are reading this latest preprint version

A Splice-site Variant (C.3289-1G>T) in OTOF Underlies Profound Hearing Loss in a Pakistani Kindred

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Background

Materials And Methods

Family and clinical examination

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and data analysis

Sanger sequence analysis of the selected gene variant

Minigene design and plasmid construction

Cell culture and transfection

Reverse transcription PCR

Construction of the pMD-19T plasmid

Results

Clinical findings

Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger analysis

Minigene assay for splicing mutation

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1