Socio economic characteristics of respondents
Table 1 shows that Ogun State has the highest State of origin distribution with 77%, the study is gender sensitive with majority, (64%) of the respondents were female and 36% male, household 3 – 6 members recorded the highest percentage of 67% with mean household size of 6. Age distribution shows age bracket (21-40yrs) accounted for 43% with mean age of 41years. Furthermore, some respondents were Christian with 44%, Tertiary education (53%) recorded the highest level of education. Majority, (67%) came from Abeokuta the catchment location of the park. Also, majority, (68%) visit alternative recreation centres.
Table 1
Socio-economic characteristics of respondent
Variables | Frequency | Percentage | Mean/Mode |
Age (Years) | | | |
≤ 20 | 21 | 21 | |
21-40 | 43 | 43 | 41Years |
41-60 | 19 | 19 | |
≥ 60 | 17 | 17 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Gender | | | |
Male | 64 | 64 | |
Female | 36 | 36 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Family size | | | |
≤ 2 | 21 | 21 | |
3-6 | 67 | 67 | 6 |
≥6 | 12 | 12 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Location | | | |
Ogun | 77 | 77 | Ogun |
Oyo | 12 | 12 | |
lagos | 11 | 11 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Religion | | | |
Christian | 44 | 44 | |
Muslim | 35 | 35 | |
Traditional | 21 | 21 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Education | | | |
Tertiary | 53 | 53 | Tertiary |
Secondary | 23 | 23 | |
No formal education | 11 | 11 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Income (₦) | | | |
5,000 – 10,000 | 18 | 18 | ₦26,521 |
10,000 – 15,000 | 24 | 24 | |
15,000 – 20,000 | 12 | 12 | |
≥20,000 | 46 | 46 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Native of Abeokuta | | | |
Yes | 67 | 67 | Yes |
No | 33 | 33 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Occupation | | | |
Civil Servant | 33 | 32 | |
Farming | 21 | 21 | |
Artisan | 22 | 22 | |
Self employed | 25 | 25 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Are you aware of substitute recreation centres | | | |
Yes | 67 | 67 | Yes |
No | 33 | 33 | |
total | 100 | 100 | |
Source: Field Survey, 2018 |
Bio-Physical Study
Table 2 presents a checklist of flora species in the zoo park. A total of 30 plant species was identified with 17 families. Fabaceae family with 6 species recorded the highest number of species. Other families were as follows; Moraceae (2), Anacardiaceae (2), Euphorbiaceae (3), Apocynaceae (2), Gentianaceae (1), Poaceae (1), Sapindaceae (2), Malvaceae (3), Ulmaceae (1), Ebeneceae (1), Meliaceae (1), Areceae (1), Samydaceae (2)
Table 2
Checklist of plant species in the study area
S/N | Species | Common Name | Local name (Yoruba) | Forms | Family |
1 | Ficus exasperate | Sandpaper tree | Ipin | Tree | Moraceae |
2 | Mangifera indica | Mango | Mangoro | Tree | Anacardiaceae |
3 | Anarcadium occidentalis | Cashew | Kasu | Tree | Anacardiaceae |
4 | Albizia adianthifolia | Flat crown | - | Tree | Fabaceae |
5 | Albizia ferruginea | Albizia | - | Tree | Fabacea |
6 | Albizia zygia | Albizia | - | Tree | Fabacea |
7 | Alcornea cordifolia | Christmas bush | - | Shrub | Euphorbiaceae |
8 | Alcornea laxifora | Lowveld bead-string | - | Shrub | Euphorbiaceae |
9 | Alstonia boonei | God’s tree | - | Tree | Apocynaceae |
10 | Antiaris Africana | Mull berry | - | Tree | Moraceae |
11 | Anthocleista vogelii | Planch tree | - | Tree | Gentianaceae |
12 | Bambusa vulgaris | Bamboo | Oparun | Grass | Poaceae |
13 | Baphia nitida | Camwood | - | Tree | Fabaceae |
14 | Blighia sapida | Achee | - | Tree | Sapindaceae |
15 | Blighia unijugata | Triangle tops | - | Tree | Sapindaceae |
16 | Bridelia artroviridis | Bredelia | - | Tree | Euphorbiaceae |
17 | Ceiba pentandra | Kapok | - | Tree | Malvaceae |
18 | Celtis zenkeri | African celtis | - | Tree | Ulmaceae |
19 | Chrysophyllum albidum | Cherry | Agbalumo | Tree | Sapotaceae |
20 | Cola nitida | Kola | Obi | Tree | Malvaceae |
21 | Cola millenii | Kola | Obi | Tree | Malvaceae |
22 | Delonix regia | Royal tree | - | Tree | Fabaceae |
23 | Diospyros dendo | Yellow persimmon | - | Tree | Ebenaceae |
24 | Entandrophragma angolense | Utile | - | Tree | Meliaceae |
25 | Elaeis guineensis | Oil palm | - | Tree | Arecaceae |
26 | Funtumia elastica | | - | Tree | Apocynaceae |
27 | Guarea thomsonii | Black guarea | - | Tree | Meliaceae |
28 | Gliricidia sepium | Gliricidia | - | Tree | Fabaceae |
29 | Holoptelea grandis | | - | | Samydaceae |
30 | Homalium africanum | | - | | Samydaceae |
Source: Field Survey, 2018 |
Above Ground Biomass of Tree Species < 11cm DBH
Table 3 shows the species with diameter less than 11cm. Tree height with diameter was used to calculate the above ground biomass using Model 1.
Table 3
Above ground biomass of tree species < 11cm DBH
Species | No of stem | Mean DBH | Mean height | Model | AGB(kg) |
Delonix regia | 3 | 7.8 | 11.1 | W=0.25D2H | 43.29 |
Bridelia artroviridis | 3 | 10.7 | 19.9 | W=0.25D2H | 106.47 |
Ceiba pentandra | 10 | 7.8 | 17.7 | W=0.25D2H | 69.03 |
Cola millenii | 7 | 7.8 | 23.8 | W=0.25D2H | 185.64 |
Diospyros dendo | 8 | 10.8 | 25.6 | W=0.25D2H Total | 138.24 542.67 |
Source: Field Survey, 2018 |
Below Ground Biomass Computation
BGB = exp (-1.3267 + 0.8877 × ln (AGB) + 0. 1045.ln(Age)
BGB = exp (-1.3267 + 0.8877 × ln (542.67) + 0. 1045.ln(542.67)
BGB = exp (-1.3267 + 0.8877 × 6.297) + 0.1045.(6.297)
BGB = exp (4.263) + 0.6580
BGB = 71.023 + 0.6580
BGB = 71.681kg
Total CO 2 sequestrated
Total CO2 sequestrated = 3.7 * (AGB + BGB)
= 3.7 * (542.67 + BGB)
= 3.7 * (542.67 + 71.681
Total CO2 sequestrated =227310 kgCha−1
Above Ground Biomass of tree species > 11cm DBH
Table 4 indicated the species with diameter greater than or equal to 11cm. Tree height along with the dbh was used to calculate the above ground biomass using Model 2 (Adeleye et al., 2021).
Table 4
Above Ground Biomass of tree species > 11cm DBH
Species | No of stem | Mean DBH | Mean height | Model | AGB(kg) |
Ficus exasperata | 9 | 11.8 | 9.3 | W=0.15D2H | 32.92 |
Anarcadium occidentalis | 12 | 12.0 | 10.4 | W=0.15D2H | 37.44 |
Albizia adianthifolia | 5 | 13.0 | 11.7 | W=0.15D2H | 45.63 |
Albizia ferruginea | 7 | 12.4 | 9.2 | W=0.15D2H | 34.22 |
Albizia zygia | 4 | 24.1 | 11.0 | W=0.15D2H | 72.22 |
Alstonia boonei | 8 | 18.0 | 18.2 | W=0.15D2H | 98.28 |
Antiaris africana | 9 | 16.0 | 16.5 | W=0.15D2H | 79.2 |
Anthocleista vogelii | 2 | 14.4 | 20.5 | W=0.15D2H | 88.56 |
Bambusa vulgaris | 10 | 26.1 | 24.2 | W=0.15D2H | 189.49 |
Baphia nitida | 10 | 40.0 | 18.4 | W=0.15D2H | 220.8 |
Blighia sapida | 5 | 18.1 | 16.9 | W=0.15D2H | 91.77 |
Blighia unijugata | 7 | 21.9 | 18.0 | W=0.15D2H | 118.26 |
Celtis zenkeri | 9 | 12.0 | 31.5 | W=0.15D2H | 113.4 |
Chrysophyllum albidum | 5 | 13.0 | 20.6 | W=0.15D2H | 80.34 |
Cola nitida | 8 | 11.8 | 16.1 | W=0.15D2H | 56.99 |
Entandrophragma angolense | 11 | 12.0 | 22.7 | W=0.15D2H | 81.72 |
Elaeis guineensis | 6 | 13.0 | 22.5 | W=0.15D2H | 87.75 |
Funtumia elastica | 8 | 12.4 | 32.0 | W=0.15D2H | 119.04 |
Guarea thompsonii | 10 | 24.1 | 34.5 | W=0.15D2H | 249.435 |
Gliricidia sepium | 11 | 39.0 | 17.8 | W=0.15D2H | 208.26 |
Holoptelea grandis | 11 | 17.1 | 24.2 | W=0.15D2H | 124.15 |
Homalium africanum | 6 | 20.0 | 24.2 | W=0.15D2H | 145.20 |
Mangifera indica | 8 | 12.2 | 15.9 | W=0.15D2H | 81.72 |
| | | | Total | 2456.795 |
Below Ground Biomass Computation
BGB = exp (-1.3267 + 0.8877 × ln (AGB) + 0.1045.ln(AGE)
BGB = exp (-1.3267 + 0.8877 × ln (2456.795) + 0.1045.ln(2456.795)
BGB = exp (-1.3267 + 0.8877 × 7.807) + 0.1045(7.807)
BGB = exp (5.604) +0.8158
BGB = 271.51+ 0.8158
BGB = 272.33kg
Total CO 2 sequestrated: 3.7 * (AGB + BGB)
= 3.7 * (2456.795+ BGB)
= 3.7 * (2456.795 + 272.33)
= 3.7* (2729.125)
= 10097.76 =1009776 kgCha−1
Ecosystem Services of the Flora Species
Provisioning Services
These are services that describe the material or energy outputs from the ecosystems. Provisioning services (Table 5) offered by the floristic resources of the study were categorized into food/fruit production and medicinal values. Majority, (60%) of the plants encountered offers provisioning services while Fabaceae (33%) recorded the highest percentage of plants offering this service.
Table 5
Plant species offering provisioning services in the park
Family | Plant species | Number of Species | Percent |
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica Anarcadium occidentalis | 2 | 11 |
Fabaceae | Albizia adianthifolia Albizia ferruginea Albizia zygia Baphia nitida Gliricidia sepium Delonix regia | 6 | 33 |
Poaceae | Bambusa vulgaris | 1 | 6 |
Malvacea | Ceiba pentandra Cola nitida Cola millenii | 3 | 17 |
Palmae | Elaeis guineensis | 1 | 6 |
Euphorbiacea | Alcornea cordifolia Alcornea laxiflora Bridelia artroviridis | 3 | 17 |
Sapotaceae | Chrysophyllum albidum | 1 | 6 |
Apocynaceae | Funtumia elastica | 1 | 6 |
Family | Plant Species | Number of species | Percent |
Fabaceae | Albizia zygia | 1 | 20 |
Apocynaceae | Alstonia boonei | 1 | 20 |
Moraceae | Antiaris africana Ficus exasperata | 2 | 40 |
Malvaceae | Ceiba pentandra | 1 | 20 |
Source: Field Survey, 2018 |
Cultural Services
These are non-material benefits people obtained from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment cognitive development, reflection, recreation and aesthetic experiences. Accordingly, plants at Children play ground provides educational values and these plants are Ficus exasperata, Albizia zygia, Alstonea boonei, Antaris africana, Ceiba pentandra. Table 6 shows that Moraceae (40%) recorded the highest percentage of plants offering this service.
Regulating Services
These are services rendered by trees to address all forms of biological control. All plants encountered perform various regulating services varying from air quality regulation, water regulation and climate regulation. Table 7 shows that Fabaceae had the highest percentage (20%) of plants offering regulating services in the park.
Table 7
Plant species offering regulating services in the park
Family | Plant Species | Number of species | Percentage |
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica Anarcadium occidentalis | 2 | 7 |
Fabaceae | Albizia adianthifolia Albizia ferruginea Albizia zygia Baphia nitida Gliricidia sepium Delonix regia | 6 | 20 |
Poaceae | Bambusa vulgaris | 1 | 3 |
Malvaceae | Ceiba pentandra Cola nitida Cola millenii | 3 | 10 |
Palmae | Elaeis guineensis | 1 | 3 |
Euphorbiaceae | Alcornea cordifolia Alcornea laxiflora Bridelia artroviridis | 3 | 10 |
Sapotaceae | Chrysophyllum albidum | 1 | 3 |
Apocynaceae | Funtumia elastica | 1 | 3 |
Moraceae | Antiaris africana Ficus exasperata | 2 | 7 |
Gentianaceae | Anthocleista vogelii | 1 | 3 |
Poaceae | Bambusa vulgaris | 1 | 3 |
Sapindaceae | Blighia sapida Blighia unijugata | 2 | 7 |
Ulmaceae | Celtis zenkeri | 1 | 3 |
Ebenaceae | Diospyros dendo | 1 | 3 |
Meliaceae | Guarea thomsonii Entandrophragma angolense | 2 | 7 |
Samydaceae | Holoptelea grandis Homalium africanum | 2 | 7 |
Source: Field Survey, 2018
Ecosystem Services of the Fauna Species
Ecosystem services provided by the fauna species across the fauna group was conducted. The ecosystem services reviewed are provisioning services, supporting services, regulatory services and cultural services. Details of the ecosystem services are presented in Table 8. A total of 25 fauna species were recorded as offering ecosystem services. A breakdown of the number of species with respect to fauna group revealed that mammals with 31 species had the highest number of species offering ecosystem service, followed by Aves with 14 species and reptiles with 13 species.
Table 8
Ecosystem services of the Fauna Species
Ecosystem services | Mammals | Aves | Reptiles |
Provisioning | 12 | 7 | 6 |
Regulating | 2 | - | 1 |
Cultural | 11 | 7 | 6 |
Supporting | 6 | - | - |
Total | 31 | 14 | 13 |
Source: Field Survey, 2018
Table 9 shows the list of animals in the park offering the different ecosystem services. Thus, various animal groups offer ecosystem services from the avian and reptiles to mammals.
Table 9
Fauna species in the park offering ecosystem services
Provisioning services | Regulating services | Cultural services | Supporting services |
Avian | Avian | Avian | Avian |
African grey parrot | - | African grey parrot | - |
Rose ringed parakeet | - | Rose ringed parakeet | - |
Crown crane | - | Crown crane | - |
Mallard duck | - | Mallard duck | - |
White geese | - | White geese | - |
Yellow billed kite | - | Yellow billed kite | - |
Ostrich | - | Ostrich | - |
Reptiles | Reptiles | Reptiles | Reptiles |
Water turtles | - | Water turtles | - |
Monitor lizard | - | Monitor lizard | - |
Crocodile | Crocodile | Crocodile | - |
Gabon viper | - | Gabon viper | - |
Puff adder | - | Puff adder | - |
Rock python | - | Rock python | - |
Mammals | Mammals | Mammals | Mammals |
Antelopes | Common jackal | Donkeys | Antelopes |
Donkeys | Civet cat | Common jackal | Donkey |
Common jackal | - | Civet cat | Mona monkey |
Civet cat | - | Crested porcupine | Vervet monkey |
Crested porcupine | - | Giant Tortoise | Red capped mangabey |
Giant Tortoise | - | Patas monkey | White putty-nosed monkey |
Patas monkey | - | White putty-nosed monkey | - |
White putty-nosed monkey | - | Mona monkey | - |
Mona monkey | - | Vervet monkey | - |
Vervet monkey | - | Red capped mangabey | - |
Red capped mangabey | - | Baboon | - |
Baboon | - | - | - |