The direction of work is the consideration of new principles of solar energy conversion, which involve solving such problems with solar cells as efficiency - what is: the level of efficiency, the high cost of structures associated with the use of rare elements, for example, such as indium and tellurium and mainly the need to use large areas.
Research Article
Improving the Efficiency of Photoelectronic Converters
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1226283/v1
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X-radiation
area reduction
increased efficiency
The degree of development of solar energy technology takes its basis mainly in the representation and degree of understanding of the basics of radiation theory and the physical principles of quantum theory. From which follows the selection of methods and means for creating systems that meet the conditions of practical application. Werner Heisenberg wrote, in his remarkable book [1] that: "the formal mathematical apparatus of quantum theory is already available to all, and its knowledge is much more widespread than the knowledge of the fundamental foundations." Therefore, we decided to once again revise the basic physical principles of operation of devices that give electric propulsion (EMF) power and current under the action of lighting, to develop a new type of photocell configuration that meets the needs of optimal use.
The research carried out in the field of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, namely its coherent states, based on the study of the unexcited state of quantum systems and the revision of some provisions with polarization [2], made it possible to fundamentally develop the principle of optical activity
here φ₀ is specific optical activity (the angle of rotation on the path that is equal to one and unit concentration C ). Where the quantitative measure is the angle φ of rotation of the polarization plane. The angle of φ₀ depends on the wavelength, the temperature of the substance. This very angle of φ in a crystalline substance is defined by the formula: 
, where ρ - is the density of the crystalline substance; l is the path of light in the crystal. And the principle of optical path length, which consists in the product of the distance l traveled by light in an isotropic medium, by the refractive index n of the medium: L = ln. In an inhomogeneous medium, the sum of the product of the distances that successively pass monochromatic radiation in the direction of the beam in different media will be equal to the corresponding refractive indexes of these media:
Method 1.
Metals of such groups as, in particular: Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Sn, Al - were used in pure form with a minimum % of impurities. The experiment was conducted on each of the above metal samples separately.
The metal is processed in the form of a plate with a thickness of 0.5 mm to 20 mm. The surface is brought by processing to the maximum reflectivity. Further, a sample of intrusive rock (granites) with a dominant part of biotite inclusions: K (Mg, Fe) 3 [Si3AlO10] [OH, F] 2 and K [Al Si3O8] - Na [Al Si3O8] - Ca [Al 2Si2O8], mineral composition: Pl + Q + Bi, is processed in the form of tiles with a thickness of 10 mm and is polished without the use of various polishing mixtures. A metal plate is fixed on this granite base in such a way that it is possible to install a radiographic film between them, according to the type of "cassette". The radiographic film at this moment should be in the light of the insulating material, at the very moment of exposure and until the development. The parameters of the metal plate and the granite substrate were selected according to the size of the radiographic film and amounted to 30 × 40 mm. The radiographic film used in this experiment is high contrast, the sensitivity class of the film according to ISO 5799 is group D, the sensitivity range according to ISO 5799 corresponding to group D is from 14.0 to 28.0. The radiation quality for this film corresponds to the radiation reproducibility conditions according to ISO 4037. This device is installed on the surface of the earth in such a way that the Sun relative to this plane is at an angle of 90⁰ or 45⁰. The height of the installation above the ground varies from 10 cm to 2 m, the minimum exposure time is 60 seconds.
Method 1. 1
In the second case, the thin metal plate was replaced with a matte quartz glass with an external coating. The thickness of quartz glass is 10 mm. Metal spraying of the base is made by one of the elements described in the first method (Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Sn, Al). The thickness of the metal spraying was 40 μm.
After an exposure of 60 seconds using successively three identical copper plates of 0.5 mm on a granite substrate, the following X-rays were obtained in Fig. 1
These images were taken in June, at 10:00 a.m. in the UTC + 2 UTC + 3 time zone, as well as a geographical definition: 52° 20' and 45 ° 20' north latitude and 22 ° 5' and 41 ° 15' east longitude, with moderate cloudiness of the atmosphere. In Fig. 2 shows images with the same data in the autumn period in October, the first picture (from left to right) and the second during the vernal equinox
In Fig. 3 images (from left to right first row): using a silver plate 0.5 mm thick, exposure time of 60 seconds in summer with high cloudiness - the first, the complete absence of cloudiness - the second; second row, using a lead plate 30 mm thick, , exposure time 60 seconds in summer with high cloudiness – the first, complete absence of cloudiness – the next three each exposure is made sequentially; the third row, this radiographic film is the first - exposed on a granite substrate in the absence of a metal plate, exposure time 5 minutes; the second is exposed on the back of a metal plate facing the Sun.
The following method was used to obtain results that are considered from both practical and theoretical sides. Statistical analysis of the data of this experiment conventionally called "Behind the rainbow" shows that: considering the external photoelectric effect produced by solar radiation on a metal plate, the results from the placed X-ray film on the surface of the metal from the outside are completely absent. We can also say that the highest result of the film illumination is noted when this plane is located relative to the Sun at an angle of 90⁰, at an angle of 180⁰ - there is no result of illumination. There is also a characteristic illumination of 1∕2 of the film, which, with all the above variables of the experiment, remains constantly observable. The resulting series of the experiment, while maintaining all the conditions within the framework of the experiment itself, show the non-repeatability of the "patterns" of the images obtained. There was a daily correlation, where the maximum falls on the high standing of the sun, at the zenith of 90⁰, where the brightness of the horizontal surface is 100%. After astronomical sunset, a full minimum is noted. About the annual cycle, the increase falls from the vernal equinox to the autumnal equinox. Studies in winter under these territorial climatic conditions at this point are carried out. There was no significant difference in the results using Method 1 and Method 1.1.
Based on this method, it is possible to obtain higher energies with a reduction in area, simplify production, use less expensive materials and materials, the circulation of which from the point of view of ecology is the most acceptable. [ 4 ] And, for the most efficient conversion of solar energy according to the presented method, further research is expected to replace silicon structures with crystalline structures formed by various compounds with metals in particular: aluminum and iron.
[1] Werner Karl Heisenberg (Physical principles of quantum theory. BI University Pocketbook (Lectures University of Chicago, 1930. (1949) [1930]. The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory. Translators Eckart, Carl; Hoyt, F.C. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60113-7
[2]Paul Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 2009 , 299 p. ( ISBN 978-2-88074-800-5, OCLC 695691148)
[3] ISO/TC 42 Photography, ICS: 37.040.25 Radiographic films URL:https://www.iso.org/standard/11946.html. ISO 5799:1991 Photography — Direct-exposing medical and dental radiographic film/process systems — Determination of ISO speed and ISO average gradient Publication date: 1991-08., International standard.
[4] Renewables - Fuels & Technologies - IEA
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.