1. “Environmental innovation” concept (see Table 1)
Within our research, the Key Word “Environmental innovation” had an initial no. of occurrences of 1.030 from a total of 10.151 with a weight of 10.15%. After our research refinement, a 5% average reduction has done and the final no. of occurrences was 1.010 with a weight of 10.06%.
The publication with the most number of occurrences of the key word “Environmental innovation” identified in our analysis is authored by (Van Dijken & Prince, 2012), titled “Adoption of environmental innovations. Eco-efficiency in industry and science” published in Springer in 1999 (see Annex 1 and 2).
The publication with the second most number of occurrences of the key word “Environmental innovation” (119) identified in our analysis is authored by (Horbach, & Reif ,2018).
titled “New Developments in Eco-Innovation Research” published in Springer International Publishing in 2018 (see Annex 1 and 2).
The publication with the third most number of occurrences of the key word “Environmental innovation” (104) identified in our analysis is authored by (Vazquez-Brust & Sarkis,2012), Green Growth: Managing the Transition to a Sustainable Economy ” published in Springer, 2012 (see Annex 1 and 2).
Defining environmental innovation concept, (Van Dijken & Prince, 2012) considered that it is purely based on a technological assessment of their environmental impact. According with (Rennings, K. 2000). environmental innovation has been defined as the application or introduction of new products and processes contributing to the reduction of environmental burdens or to ecologically specified sustainability targets. He also suggests that the non-punishment of producers and distributors for their environmentally harmful products and services will ultimately lead to distortions of competition between eco-innovation and non-environment. Emphasizing this point of view, (Beise & Rennings 2005), consider that this competition will continue to be distorted, unless markets reward substantial environmental improvements and punish harmful environmental impacts.
An interesting point of view has Jana Hojnik. She considers that environmental innovations can be defined as a subset of all innovations in an economy, but did not mention the costs involved in supporting eco-innovation as a subset of world economy. A different point of view, oriented towards financial costs had Ziegler et al., which considers that the whole society exploits the benefits from an environmental innovation, while a single company carries all the costs by itself (Hojnik, 2012).
(Vazquez-Brust, & Sarkis, 2012), pointed out that the concept of environmental innovation has a strong social character and began in Japan in response to the pollution problems brought by the rapid industrialization and economic growth of this country since the 1970s. Since then, the Japanese have believed that product design and process improvement need to be institutionalized to improve the respect for environment (eco-friendly concept).
According to Diego A, environmental innovations come from building the core of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that has evolved into corporate social performance (CSP) or corporate citizenship.
He points out that corporate social performance has been highlighted in the scientific literature as including charitable contributions, environmental management, performance, sustainability and until recently, environmental innovations. The Japanese Nakao (Nakano & Gemba 2007) first proposed environmental responsibility as a key tool for promoting environmental innovation.
Addressing the subject of environmental innovation ( Horbach & Reif 2018) quoted on Rennings, (Rennings 2000), Bleischwitz and Jacob (Bleischwitz & Jacob 2011) who identified various barriers and
market failures to environmental innovations. Jens Horbach considers that the double externality of environmental innovation, the lack of information on how to allocate resources efficiently, the correct division of incentives in value chains, the blocking effects in resource-intensive technologies indicate the need for policies to correct the global market for environmental innovation.
Table 1
Key Words for Environmental Innovations Concepts and their no. of occurrence
Key words for Environmental Innovations Concepts
|
Initial no. of publica-tions
|
Initial no. of occu-rrences
|
Initial no. of occu-rrences weight
%
|
Initial average
|
Final no. of
publica-tions
|
No. of occu-rrences
after 5% average reduction
|
Final no. of
publica-tions weight
%
|
Final average
|
ENVIRON-MENTAL INNOVATION
|
65
|
1.030
|
10.15
|
15.84
|
45
|
1.010
|
10.06
|
22.44
|
ECO-INNOVATION
|
74
|
8.503
|
83.77
|
114.90
|
36
|
8.430
|
83.99
|
234.16
|
GREEN INNOVATION
|
53
|
570
|
5.61
|
10.75
|
34
|
551
|
5.49
|
16.20
|
ECO-INNOVATION MODEL
|
4
|
48
|
0.47
|
12.00
|
2
|
46
|
0.46
|
23.00
|
TOTAL
|
196
|
10.151
|
100
|
-
|
117
|
10.037
|
100
|
-
|
2. “Eco-innovation” concept (see Table 1)
Within our research, the Key Word “Eco-innovation” had an initial number of occurrences of 8.503 from a total of 10.151 with a weight of 83.77%. After our research refinement, a 5% average reduction has done and the final no. of occurrence was 8.430 with a weight of 83.99%.
The publication with the most number of occurrences of the key word “Eco-innovation” (1583) identified in our analysis is authored by Jana Hojnik ( Hojnik, 2012), titled “In Pursuit of Eco-innovation” published in University of Primorska Press in 2017 (see Annex 1 and 3).
The publication with the second most number of occurrences of the key word “Eco-innovation” (834) identified in our analysis is authored by Susana Garrido Azevedo ( Azevedo, Brandenburg 2014) titled “Eco-Innovation and the Development of Business Models” published in Springer in 2014 (see Annex 1 and 3).
The publication with the third most number of occurrences of the key word “Eco-innovation” (760) identified in our analysis is authored by OECD (Publishing House, 2009) titled “Eco-Innovation in Industry” published in OECD Publishing House, 2009 (see Annex 1 and 3).
Defining the eco-innovation concept, Jana Hojnik ( Hojnik, 2012) considered that this is a different type of innovation as it leads companies to reduce the environmental impact of economic activities, whether this effect is intentional or not. It is discussed in academia that the introduction of eco-innovation does not necessarily depend on reducing environmental damage. Therefore, if the technology is less harmful to the environment than the conventional alternative (classical innovation), it can be defined as eco-innovation
Addressing the topic of classical innovation, Zongwei Luo ( Luo, 2011) said that it can be seen as the replacement, improvement or renewal of existing ideas and practices to be understood, especially as a correspondence between new innovative technological ideas and their implementation.
In line with this concept, eco-innovation has generally been defined as the process of developing new ideas applied in technology, products and processes that contribute to reducing environmental burdens or achieving global environmental sustainability goals. (Rennings, 2000) .
It is necessary for companies, through eco-innovation, to try to turn constraints into opportunities, which can lead to reduced costs, gaining a good reputation and gaining new markets for the products obtained. The Eco-Innovation Observatory, a platform for collecting and analyzing a large amount of information on innovation, selected from across the European Union, proposed a new definition of eco-innovation (2010). Thus eco-innovation is defined as the introduction of any new or significantly improved product, which reduces the use of natural resources (fuel, materials, energy and water) and decreases the release of harmful substances immediately during its life cycle.
3.” Green innovation” concept (see Table 1)
Within our research, the Key Word “Green-innovation” had an initial no. of occurrences of 570 from a total of 10.151 with a weight of 5.61%. After our research refinement, a 5% average reduction has done and the final no. of occurrence was 551 with a weight of 5.49%.
The publication with the most number of occurrences of the key word “Green-innovation” (Annex 6) identified in our analysis is authored by Francesco Calza (Calza, Parmentola & Tutore 2017). (Annex 6), titled “Types of Green Innovations: Ways of Implementation in a Non-Green Industry” published in MDPI Publishing House in 2017 (see Annex 1 and 4). The publication with the second most number of occurrences of the key word “Green-innovation” (O'Brien, & Saarinen, L. A. 2011), identified in our analysis is authored by Ruchika Singh Malyan, (Malyan & Duhan, 2000) (see Annex 1,4 and 6). The publication with the third most number of occurrences of the key word “Green-innovation” identified in our analysis is authored by Felicity Kelliher (Kelliher & Reinl 2014) titled “Green Innovation and future technology” published in Palgrave Macmilian, 2015 (see Annex 1 and 4).
Francesco Calza (Calza, Parmentola & Tutore 2017) [see no.386 Annex 6) considered that Green innovation can be defined as a innovation consisting of new or modified processes, practices, systems and products which benefit the environment and contribute to environmental sustainability.
The Green innovation can lead to the reduction of inefficient consumption in production processes and the rational use of natural resources, being an important source of cost reduction.
On the other hand, given the awareness of consumers about the environmental impact of the products purchased on the market, the environmental attributes of new products and services can be used to differentiate producers in the market.
According with (Kelliher & Reinl 2014), green innovation is the introduction of green-focused ideas, devices or methods relating to regional SMEs, while green innovativeness is defined as a “transformational innovative capability” within these firms.
(Luo, 2011). pointed out that the concept of being green does not always create value in the production and distribution chain as several factors will intervene in order to be successful.
The creation of economic value and the extent to which the businesses may integrate more environmental concerns in their activities may depend on these green innovations to meet customers and shareholder’s expectations or the capacity of the business to change these expectations and impact their management if the green innovation does not meet their short term criteria.
Some strategic environmental decisions are not only justified by the economic profitability of the company, as the implementation of green innovations can have positive long-term effects and can be an empirical justification for its implementation.
4. “Eco-innovation model” concept (see Table 1)
Within our research, the Key Word “Eco-innovation model” had an initial no. of occurrences of 48 from a total of 10.151 with a weight of 0.47%. After our research refinement, a 5% average reduction has done and the final no. of occurrence was 46 with a weight of 0.469%.
The publication with the most number of occurrences of the key word “Eco-innovation model” (44) identified in our analysis is authored by Jana Hojnik ( Hojnik, 2012), titled “In Pursuit of Eco-innovation” published in University of Primorska Press in 2017 (see Annex 1 and 5).
The publication with the second most number of occurrences of the key word “Eco-innovation model” (2) identified in our analysis is authored by Nancy Bocken (see no.227-Annex 6) (Bocken, Ritala & Verburg 2019) titled “Innovation for Sustainability” published in Springer Nature in 2019 (see Annex 1 and 5). Within proposed eco-innovation model, Jana Hojnik ( Hojnik, 2012) used as determinants six descriptive elements: the command-and-control instrument, the economic incentive instrument, managerial environmental concern, customer demand, expected benefits and competitive pressure. Also she considered eco-innovation outcomes could be measured by five elements: company growth and company profitability, economic benefits, competitive benefits and internationalization.