1. Bobes J. Prevalence of negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with antipsychotics in routine clinical practice: findings from the CLAMORS study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:280-286.
2. Strauss GP, Cohen AS. A transdiagnostic review of negative symptom phenomenology and etiology. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:712–719.
3. Blanchard JJ, Cohen AS. The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: implications for assessment. Schizophr Bull. 2005;32:238–245.
4. Foussias G, et al. Prediction of longitudinal functional outcomes in schizophrenia: the impact of baseline motivational deficits. Schizophr Res. 2001;132:24–27.
5. IsHak WW, et al. Quality of life: the ultimate outcome measure of interventions in major depressive disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2011:19:229–239.
6. Pillny M, Lincoln TM. Predictors of improved functioning in patients with psychosis: the role of amotivation and defeatist performance beliefs. Psychiatry Res. 2016;244:117–122.
7. Aleman A, et al. Treatment of negative symptoms: where do we stand, and where do we go? Schizophr Res. 2017;186:55–62.
8. Riehle M, Pillny M, Lincoln TM. Ist Negativsymptomatik bei Schizophrenie überhaupt behandelbar? Ein systematisches Literaturreview zur Wirksamkeit psychotherapeutischer Interventionen für Negativsymptomatik. Verhaltensther. 2017;27:199–208.
9. Vinograd M, Craske MG. Using neuroscience to augment behavioral interventions for depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2020;28:14–25.
10. Chong T-J, Bonnelle V, Husain M. Quantifying motivation with effort-based decision-making paradigms in health and disease. Progress in brain research. Vol 229. Elsevier; 2016.
11. Strauss GP, Waltz JA, Gold JM. A review of reward processing and motivational impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2014;4:S107–S116.
12. Treadway MT, Buckholtz JW, Schwartzman AN, Lambert WE, Zald DH. Worth the ‘EEfRT’? The effort expenditure for rewards task as an objective measure of motivation and anhedonia. PloS One 4. 2009;e6598.
13. Zou, YM. et al. Effort–cost computation in a transdiagnostic psychiatric sample: differences among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. PsyCh J. 2020;9:210–222.
14. Chang WC, et al. Reinforcement learning impairment and primary negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2009;45:S222.
15. Reddy LF, et al. Effort-based decision-making paradigms for clinical trials in schizophrenia: part 1—psychometric characteristics of 5 paradigms. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:1045–1054.
16. Young JW, Markou A. Translational rodent paradigms to investigate neuromechanisms underlying behaviors relevant to amotivation and altered reward processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:1024–1034.
17. Green MF, Horan WP, Barch DM, Gold JM. Effort-based decision making: a novel approach for assessing motivation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:1035–1044.
18. Horan WP, et al. Effort-based decision-making paradigms for clinical trials in schizophrenia: part 2—external validity and correlates. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:1055–1065.
19. Luther L, Firmin RL, Lysaker PH, Minor KS, Salyers MP. A meta-analytic review of self-reported, clinician-rated, and performance-based motivation measures in schizophrenia: are we measuring the same “stuff”? Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;61:24–37.
20. Bossong MG, Kahn RS. The salience of reward. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:777–778.
21. Whitton AE, Treadway MT, Pizzagalli DA. Reward processing dysfunction in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015;28: 7–12.
22. Cicero DC, Kerns JG, McCarthy DM. The aberrant salience inventory: a new measure of psychosis proneness. Psychol Assess. 2010;22:688-701.
23. Neumann SR, Glue P, Linscott RJ. Aberrant salience and reward processing: a comparison of measures in schizophrenia and anxiety. Psychol Med. 2020;51:1507-1515.
24. Gold JM, et al. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:130–136.
25. Reddy LF, et al. Understanding the association between negative symptoms and performance on effort-based decision-making tasks: the importance of defeatist performance beliefs. Schizophr Bull. 2017;44:1217–1226.
26. Beesdo-Baum K, Zaudig M, Wittchen HU. SCID-5-CV. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-5-Störungen–Klinische Version: Deutsche Bearbeitung des Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders–Clinician Version von Michael B. First, Janet BW Williams, Rhonda S. Karg, Robert L. Spitzer. Hogrefe; 2019.
27. Kirkpatrick B, et al. The brief negative symptom scale: psychometric properties. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:300–305.
28. Bischof M, et al. The brief negative symptom scale: validation of the german translation and convergent validity with self-rated anhedonia and observer-rated apathy. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:1-8.
29. Llerena K, et al. The motivation and pleasure scale–self-report (MAP-SR): reliability and validity of a self-report measure of negative symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:568–574.
30. Engel M, Lincoln TM. Motivation and pleasure scale-self-report (MAP-SR): validation of the german version of a self-report measure for screening negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;65:110–115.
31. Kring AM, Gur RE, Blanchard JJ, Horan WP, Reise SP. The clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms (CAINS): final development and validation. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:165–172.
32. Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38:143–162.
33. Lueken U, et al. Die Apathy Evaluation Scale: erste Ergebnisse zu den psychometrischen Eigenschaften einer deutschsprachigen Übersetzung der Skala. Fortschritte Neurol Psychiatr. 2006;74:714–722.
34. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385–401.
35. Hautzinger M, Bailer M. Allgemeine Depressions Skala (ADS)[general depression scale]. Weinheim: Beltz Test; 1993.
36. Favrod J, et al. Positive emotions program for schizophrenia (PEPS): a pilot intervention to reduce anhedonia and apathy. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:1–8.