The welding and other hot or cold processing region behavior in important structures is the key characteristics for the structural integrity assessment, it is necessary to accurately derive the material mechanical properties in the failure driving force (such as stress and strain) analysis in the local area. The hot or cold processing would induce the change and the inhomogeneous of the material mechanical properties in the local processing region of the structure, and it is difficult to obtain the precise mechanical properties in these regions by the traditional material tensile test. To accurately obtain actual material mechanical properties in the local region of structures, a micro-indentation test system has been established, which incorporated by a CMT6103 Material Test Device, an indenter displacement sensor and a group of special micro-indenter assemblies are established, and a numerical testing inversion analysis method by using ABAQUS software is also proposed in this paper. Based on above test system and analysis platform, an approach to obtain material mechanical properties in local region of structure is proposed and established. The verification experiment and analysis is performed by using a group of various changed mechanical property of 316L austenitic stainless steel through different cold-work hardening. The investigated results indicate the material mechanical properties and the micro-indentation morphological change have evidently relevance, and the material mechanical parameters, such as the yield stress σ y , the strain hardening exponent n and others could be conveniently and effectively obtained by the proposed approach in this paper.