Crop residues are key for supplying renewable carbon to the bioeconomy without interfering with food security. However, residue removal represents a challenge for soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks maintenance. This study demonstrates that the crop residues potential for the bioeconomy is spatially differentiated and depends on the conversion technology and the available recalcitrant carbon return to soils. We considered coproduct returns from five bioeconomy pathways: pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and lignocellulosic ethanol. Long-term SOC changes from these scenarios were compared against a reference where crop residues are unharvested. We developed an original framework by coupling a SOC model with a bioeconomy module, applicable to any site. The framework was tested and applied to the entire France, for 2020 – 2120, simulating more than 60,000 cropland units. It revealed an additional crop residue potential of 60 – 191 PJ (use-dependent) without SOC decreases, compared to the often used 31.5% removal limit.