Gender
|
[10]
|
ATTID
|
Participants: 1605adults
Setting: Québec, Canada
|
While men have more negative attitudes regarding discomfort, women have more negative attitudes to the knowledge about competence and rights
|
[21]
|
CLAS-MR (Form A & B)
|
Participants: 452 adults
Setting: Karachi, Pakistan
|
Females hold more positive attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disability
|
[22]
|
TATDP
|
Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing)
Setting: Ege University, Turkey
|
Females have better attitude towards the disabled people than males
|
[18]
|
CATCHs; MAS
|
Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students
Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands
|
Girls have more positive attitude towards the disabled
|
[20]
|
ATDP (Form B)
|
Participants: 297 medical and dental students and healthcare professionals
Setting: San Francisco, United States
|
Compared with men, women have more positive attitude towards people with physical disabilities
|
[23]
|
ATDP (Form B)
|
Participants: 634 college students, and 234 healthcare professionals
Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel
|
Gender is not related to attitudes among students
|
[19]
|
A specially designed attitude questionnaire
|
Participants: 129 individuals
Setting: Pennsylvania, United state
|
Women have more positive attitude towards the disabled than men
|
[24]
|
ATDP (Form A)
|
Participants: 197 clinical physiotherapy students
Setting: Three Universities in Nigeria
|
Gender has no influence on attitude
|
Age
|
[10]
|
ATTID
|
Participants:1605 participants
Setting: Québec, Canada
|
More positive attitudes are revealed among younger participants.
|
[14]
|
ADS
|
Participants: 2912 people with disability, 507 caregivers, and 354 members of the public
Setting: Guangzhou, China
|
Older people have more negative effects on attitude towards disability
|
[21]
|
CLAS-MR (Form A & B)
|
Participants: 452 Pakistani nationals
Setting: Karachi, Pakistan
|
Younger individuals have more negative attitudes towards the disabled
|
[18]
|
CATCHs; MAS
|
Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students
Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands
|
The older the respondents, the more positive their attitudes towards the disabled
|
[20]
|
ATDP (Form B)
|
Participants: 297 medical and dental students, and healthcare professionals
Setting: San Francisco, United state
|
Age was not significantly correlated with ATDP scores, and would have no effect on attitudes.
|
[19]
|
A specially designed attitude questionnaire
|
Participants: 129 individuals
Setting: Pennsylvania, United States
|
Younger adults generally voice more favorable attitudes than older adults
|
[24]
|
ATDP (Form A)
|
Participants: 197 clinical physiotherapy students
Setting: Three universities in Nigeria
|
Older students have better attitudes towards the disabled
|
[25]
|
MRAI-R
|
Participants:135 participants
Setting: Taiwan, China
|
Old people tend to have more positive attitude to the disabled
|
[26]
|
ATDP (Form O)
|
Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students
Setting: Three cities in Turkey
|
People between 18 and 21 years old are more positive towards the disabled than people aged 22 and over
|
[27]
|
ATDP (Form A);SADP;CLAS-MR
|
Participants: 78 nursing students and 43 non-nursing peers
Setting: Netherlands
|
Older age is a marginally statistically significant predictor of a more positive attitude to physically disabled persons by the ATDP-A, but not the SADP
|
[28]
|
ATDP (Form O)
|
Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students
Setting: University in the Midwest, United States
|
Age fails to contribute significantly to the change in nursing students’ attitudes
|
Education
|
[10]
|
ATTID
|
Participants: 1605 adults
Setting: Québec, Canada
|
More positive attitudes are revealed among better educated participants
|
[21]
|
CLAS-MR (Form A &B)
|
Participants: 452 Pakistani nationals
Setting: Karachi, Pakistan
|
Well-educated Pakistanis are more positive about people with intellectual disabilities
|
[28]
|
ATDP (Form O)
|
Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students
Setting: United States
|
Junior and senior students show more positive attitudes than sophomore students towards the disabled
|
[26]
|
ATDP (Form A)
|
Participants:197 clinical physiotherapy students
Setting: Three Universities in Nigeria
|
Students of the University of Maiduguri had more positive attitude compared to students of the University of Ibadan and Nnamdi Azikiwe University
|
Contact
|
[10]
|
ATTID
|
Participants: 1605 adults
Setting: Québec, Canada
|
The more frequent the contact, the more positive the attitudes
|
[14]
|
ADS
|
Participants:2912 people with disability, 507 caregivers, and 354 members of the public
setting: Guangzhou, China
|
The longer caregivers cared for disabled people, the more negative attitudes towards the disabled people
|
[22]
|
TATDP
|
Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing)
Setting: Ege University, Turkey
|
Those who were previously in close contact with disabled people have significantly better attitude than those who were not.
|
[20]
|
ATDP (Form B)
|
Number: 297 medical and dental students and healthcare professionals
Setting: San Francisco, United State
|
The frequent contact individuals have better attitude towards the disabled
|
[25]
|
MRAI-R
|
Participants:135 healthy participants
Setting: Taiwan, China
|
The longer they worked with colleagues with disabilities, the more positive their mood was
|
[26]
|
ATDP (Form O)
|
Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students
Setting: Three cities in Turkey
|
Whether students had experience of contacting with disabled in clinical practice, there was no statistically significant difference in students' attitude
|
[32]
|
SADP
|
Participants:338 Chinese students in three secondary schools
Setting: Hong Kong, China
|
Students who had the least contact with the disabled are more optimistic and concerned about the human rights situation of the disabled and have fewer misunderstandings about the disabled.
|
[31]
|
the Interaction with Disabled Persons scale; the Community Living Attitudes scale; and the Barriers to Exercise scale
|
Participants: 16 students and 16 young adults with Down syndrome
Setting: Australia
|
Contact with young adults with disabilities can lead to positive changes in students' attitudes towards disability
|
[33]
|
GNAT
|
Participants:550adults
Setting: United States
|
Higher quality of contact predicted stronger positive implicit attitudes toward intellectual and developmental disability; however quantity of contact was related to higher levels of explicit prejudice.
|
[39]
|
The Disability Questionnaire
|
Participants:142 employers
Setting: Colorado Springs, United States
|
Having a high level of experience working with disabled employees can generate positive employer attitudes
|
[41]
|
Students’ Attitudes toward People with a Disability Scale
|
Participants:406 students at a mainstream secondary school
Setting: Hong Kong
|
Students having social contact and participating educational programs have a higher positive change in their attitudes.
|
Familiarity
|
[18]
|
CATCHs; MAS
|
Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students
Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands
|
Being familiarity with a disabled person has a significant positive effect on attitudes
|
[21]
|
CLAS-MR(Form A & B)
|
Participants:452 Pakistani nationals
Setting: Karachi, Pakistan
|
Participants who reported having a friend or relative with a disability have significantly different attitudes than individuals without a friend or relative with a disability
|
[27]
|
ATDP (Form A)
|
Participants: 78 nursing students and 43 non-nursing peers
Setting: Netherlands
|
An important additional predictor of a more positive attitude about physically disabled people was having a relative or friend with a physical disability, but this association was not apparent in attitudes towards intellectually disabled persons
|
[28]
|
ATDP (Form O)
|
Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students
Setting: United States
|
There were no significant differences in attitudes toward people with disabilities based on having a family member or friend with a disability or being in frequent personal contact with a disabled individual.
|
[34]
|
DSDS
|
Participants: 402 entry-level occupational therapists
Setting: United States
|
Respondents who exhibited a greater amount of nonclinical contact with persons with disabilities would exhibit more positive attitudes toward these persons
|
[35]
|
The Interaction with Disabled Persons’ Scale
|
Participants:2299 students from 37physiotherapy and 24 occupational therapy schools
Setting: United Kingdom
|
Students who have found a family member with a disability or who has an informal social connection with a person with a disability are more positive than those who do not.
|
[36]
|
ATDP(Form O)
|
Participant:166 college students
Setting: United States
|
Previous working experiences with people with disabilities have a greater positive attitude than those who do not work with people with disabilities,
|
[37]
|
CATCH
|
Participant: 357 elementary school male students (grades 3–6)
Setting: Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia
|
Participants from schools that included students with intellectual disabilities had more positive attitudes towards peers with disabilities than those in schools that did not include such students. But having a relative with a disability did not have a significant influence
|
Knowledge
|
[22]
|
TATDP
|
Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing)
Setting: Ege University, Turkey
|
People who have knowledge about the attitudes towards the disabled in advance will have a better attitude.
|
[26]
|
ATDP-form O
|
Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students
Setting: Three cities in Turkey
|
Prior knowledge has a positive impact on creativity, consciousness and development attitude
|
[38]
|
CAMI
|
Participants: 62 primary care nurses
Setting: three major healthcare centers in Brunei
|
Increase in knowledge level decreases social restrictiveness(negative) attitude
|
[39]
|
The disability questionnaire
|
Participants:142 employers
Setting: Colorado Springs, United States
|
Employer attitudes was not related to their knowledge about what constitutes ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act )
|
Profession
|
[23]
|
ATDP (Form B)
|
Participants: 634 college students and 234 healthcare professionals
Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel
|
X-ray technicians have lesser positive attitudes toward the person with disability than occupational therapists, nurses, family doctors and physical therapists.
|
[29]
|
The Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire
|
Participants: Teachers of physical education (56) and music education (54)
Setting: University of Kansas, United States
|
Music education teachers held significantly less favorable attitudes towards children with emotional and behavioral disorders; Physical education teachers held significantly less favorable attitudes about socialization of children with orthopedic handicaps
|
Religion
|
[18]
|
CATCHs; MAS
|
Participants:200 high school and 144 university students
Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands
|
Religion does not influence the attitude on the disabled
|
[30]
|
A picture-ranking interview of specific physical disabilities
|
Participants: 54 children with craniofacial anomalies and 68 healthy children
Setting: Negros, Philippines
|
Religions’ beliefs are very significant for comprehending attitudes toward disabled groups
|
[23]
|
ATDP (Form B)
|
Participants: 634 college students and 234 healthcare professionals
Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel
|
Religion does not influence the attitude on the disabled
|
Income
|
[10]10]
|
ATTID
|
Participants: 1605 adults
Setting: Québec, Canada
|
Attitudes are generally not associated with income
|
Self-esteem
|
[18]
|
CATCHs; MAS
|
Participants:200 high school and 144 university students
Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands
|
For behavior and positive affect index, the higher the participants’ self-esteem, the more positive attitude was toward deaf and blind peers, but not toward paralyzed and intellectually disabled peers; for cognition and negative affect index, self-esteem affects attitudes toward all the disabled, except the paralyzed peers.
|