[1] Eckenhoff JE, Kneale DH, Dripps RD. The incidence and etiology of postanesthetic excitement: a clinical survey. Anesthesiology. 1961;22:667-673.
[2] Vlajkovic GP, Sindjelic RP. Emergence delirium in children: Many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:84–91.
[3]. Munk L, Andersen G, Møller AM. Post-anaesthetic emergence delirium in adults: incidence, predictors and consequences. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(8):1059–1066.
[4] Lepousé C, Lautner CA, Liu L, Gomis P, Leon A. Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(6):747–753.
[5]. Yu D, Chai W, Sun X, Yao L. Emergence agitation in adults: risk factors in 2,000 patients. Can J Anesth. 2010;57(9):843–848.
[6] Card E, Pandharipande P, Tomes C. Emergence from general anaesthesia and evolution of delirium signs in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(3):411–417.
[7] Hyo-Jin Kim, Duk-Kyung Kim, Hyo-Yeol Kim,Jin-Kyoung Kim,and Seung-Won Choi.Risk Factors of Emergence Agitation in Adults Undergoing General Anesthesia for Nasal Surgery.Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2015 Mar; 8(1): 46–51.
[8] Jun-Young Jo, MD, MS,Kyeo-Woon Jung, MD, MS,Ha-Jung Kim, MD, PhD,Se-Ung Park, MD, MS,Hanwool Park, MD, PhD,Seungwoo Ku, MD, PhD,and Seong-Soo Choi, MD, PhD.Effect of Total Intravenous Anesthesia vs Volatile Induction With Maintenance Anesthesia on Emergence Agitation After Nasal Surgery:A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Feb; 145(2): 117–123.]
[9]Aouad MT, Nasr VG. Emergence agitation in children: An update. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2005;18:614–9.
[10] Gerlach AT, Dasta JF. Dexmedetomidine: An updated review. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:245–52.
[11]Guo TZ, Jiang JY, Buttermann AE, Maze M. Dexmedetomidine injection into the locus ceruleus produces antinociception. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:873–81.
[12]Lin Y, Chen Y, Huang J, Chen H, Shen W, Guo W, Chen Q, Ling H, Gan X. Efficacy of premedication with intranasal dexmedetomidine on inhalational induction and postoperative emergence agitation in pediatric undergoing cataract surgery with sevoflurane.J Clin Anesth. 2016 Sep;33:289-95.
[13] Hauber JA1, Davis PJ, Bendel LP, Martyn SV, McCarthy DL, Evans MC, Cladis FP, Cunningham S, Lang RS, Campbell NF, Tuchman JB, Young MC. Dexmedetomidine as a Rapid Bolus for Treatment and Prophylactic Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Anesthetized Children.Anesth Analg. 2015 Nov;121(5):1308-15.
[14] Mukherjee A1, Das A2, Basunia SR3, Chattopadhyay S2, Kundu R3, Bhattacharyya R2.Emergence agitation prevention in paediatric ambulatory surgery: A comparison between intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine.J Res Pharm Pract. 2015 Jan-Mar;4(1):24-30.
[15] Pranjali Kurhekar, Krishnagopal Vinod, Buddhan Rajarathinam, J Shesha Dhiviya Krishna, and M. S. Raghuraman.Randomized comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for prevention of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries.Saudi J Anaesth. 2018 Jan-Mar; 12(1): 61–66.
[16] Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, Sarapohja T, Garratt C, Pocock SJ, Bratty JR, Takala J.Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials.JAMA. 2012 Mar 21;307(11):1151-60.
[17] Sun Q, Wang X, Shi C, Li T, Jiang M, Qu H, Ma J.Consciousness inhibition of intravenous dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing lower limb surgery with epidural anesthesia: A dose-response study by age group. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2018 Nov;31(6(Special)):2863-2868.
[18] Akaansha Garg, Manoj Kamal,Sadik Mohammed, Geeta Singariya, Dilip S Chouhan, and Ghanshyam Biyani.Efficacy of dexmedetomidine for prevention of emergence agitation in patients posted for nasal surgery under desflurane anaesthesia: A prospective double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Indian J Anaesth. 2018 Jul; 62(7): 524–530.
[19] Riker RR, Picard JT, Fraser GL. Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(7):1325–1329.
[20] Dixon WJ, Massey FJ. Introduction to statistical analysis. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1983. pp. 428–39.
[21] Aouad MT, Zeeni C1, A Nawwar R, Siddik-Sayyid SM, Barakat HB, Elias S, Yazbeck Karam VG. Dexmedetomidine for improved quality of emergence from general anesthesia: A dose-finding study. Anesth Analg. 2019 Dec;129(6):1504-1511.
[22] Xianhui Kang, Xiaodong Tang,Yang Yu, Fangping Bao,Shuyuan Gan,Wei Zheng, Jian Zhang,andShengmei Zhu.Intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion is associated with reduced emergence agitation and improved recovery profiles after lung surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019; 13: 871–879.
[23] Kim HS, Byon HJ, Kim JE, Park YH, Lee JH, Kim JT. Appropriate dose of dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence agitation after desflurane anesthesia for tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy in children: up and down sequential allocation. BMC Anesthesiol.2015May 27;15:79.
[24] Abdel-Ghaffar HS1, Abdel-Wahab AH2, Roushdy MM.Oral trans-mucosal dexmedetomidine for controlling of emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019 Sep - Oct;69(5):469-476.
[25] Pranjali Kurhekar, Krishnagopal Vinod,Buddhan Rajarathinam,J Shesha Dhiviya Krishna, and M. S. Raghuraman. Randomized comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for prevention of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries. Saudi J Anaesth. 2018 Jan-Mar; 12(1): 61–66.
[26] Silva-Jr JM, Katayama HT, Nogueira FAM, Moura TB, Alves TL, de Oliveira BW. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and benzodiazepine for intraoperative sedation in elderly patients: a randomized clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019 Mar;44(3):319-324.
[27] Jian Zhang, Yang Yu,Shuai Miao, Lu Liu,Shuyuan Gan, Xianhui Kang, Shengmei Zhu. Effects of peri-operative intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation after general anesthesia in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019; 13: 2853–2864.
[28] Kang X, Tang X, Yu Y, Bao F, Gan S, Zheng W, Zhang J, Zhu S.Intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion is associated with reduced emergence agitation and improved recovery profiles after lung surgery: a retrospective cohort study.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019 Mar 12;13:871-879.
[29] Wu M, Liang Y, Dai Z, Wang S. Perioperative dexmedetomidine reduces delirium after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Clin Anesth. 2018 Nov;50:33-42.
[30] Makkar JK, Ghai B, Wig J. Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane with caudal analgesia for laryngeal mask airway removal in anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:1010–4.
[31] Lee JR, Lee YS, Kim CS, Kim SD, Kim HS. A comparison of the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration for removal of the laryngeal mask airway and laryngeal tube in anesthetized children. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1122–5.