1. American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(Suppl.1):S90-S102.
2. Otto T, Myland M, Jung H, Lebrec J, Richter H, Norrbacka K. Utilization patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany: a retrospective cohort study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(5):893-901.
3. Federici MO, McQuillan J, Biricolti G, et al. Utilization patterns of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Italy: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):789-801.
4. Persson F, Bodegard J, Lahtela JT, et al. Different patterns of second‐line treatment in type 2 diabetes after metformin monotherapy in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden (D360 Nordic): A multinational observational study. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2018;1(4):e00036.
5. Hinton W, Feher M, Munro N, Walker M, de Lusignan S. Real‐world prevalence of the inclusion criteria for the LEADER trial: data from a national general practice network. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(7):1661-1667.
6. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311-322.
7. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, SUSTAIN-6 Investigators, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844.
8. Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, PIONEER 6 Investigators, et al. Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(9):841-851.
9. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, Harmony Outcomes committees and investigators, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018; 392(10157):1519-1529.
10. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, REWIND Investigators, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121-130.
11. Cefalu WT, Kaul S, Gerstein HC, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials in Type 2 Diabetes: Where Do We Go From Here? Reflections From a Diabetes Care Editor’s Expert Forum. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(1):14-31.
12. Best JH, Hoogwerf BJ, Herman WH, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease events in patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exenatide twice daily or other glucose-lowering therapies: a retrospective analysis of the LifeLink database. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(1):90-95.
13. Paul SK, Klein K, Maggs D, Best JH. The association of the treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide or insulin with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14(1):10.
14. O’Brien MJ, Karam SL, Wallia A, et al. Association of Second-line Antidiabetic Medications With Cardiovascular Events Among Insured Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e186125.
15. Svanström H, Ueda P, Melbye M, et al. Use of liraglutide and risk of major cardiovascular events: a register-based cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(2):106-114.
16. Mogensen UM, Andersson C, Fosbøl EL, et al. Cardiovascular safety of combination therapies with incretin-based drugs and metformin compared with a combination of metformin and sulphonylurea in type 2 diabetes mellitus--a retrospective nationwide study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(10):1001-1008.
17. Patorno E, Everett BM, Goldfine AB, et al. Comparative cardiovascular safety of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists versus other antidiabetic drugs in routine care: a cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(8):755-765.
18. Suissa S, Moodie EE, Dell'Aniello S. Prevalent new‐user cohort designs for comparative drug effect studies by time‐conditional propensity scores. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2017;26(4):459-468.
19. Cheng TM. Taiwan's new national health insurance program: genesis and experience so far. Health Aff (Millwood). 2003;22(3):61-76.
20. Hsieh CY, Su CC, Shao SC, et al. Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database: past and future. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:349-358.
21. Cheng CL, Kao YH, Lin SJ, Lee CH, Lai ML. Validation of the National Health Insurance Research Database with ischemic stroke cases in Taiwan. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(3):236-242.
22. Cheng CL, Lee CH, Chen PS, Li YH, Lin SJ, Yang YH. Validation of acute myocardial infarction cases in the National Health Insurance Research database in Taiwan. J Epidemiol. 2014;24(6):500-507.
23. Wu CS, Lai MS, Gau SS, Wang SC, Tsai HJ. Concordance between patient self-reports and claims data on clinical diagnoses, medication use, and health system utilization in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2014;9(12): e112257.
24. Sung SF, Hsieh CY, Lin HJ, Chen YW, Yang YH, Li CY. Validation of algorithms to identify stroke risk factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intracerebral hemorrhage in an administrative claims database. Int J Cardiol. 2016;215:277-282.
25. Peter C. Austin. Using the Standardized Difference to Compare the Prevalence of a Binary Variable Between Two Groups in Observational Research. Commun Stat Simul Comput. 2009;38(6):1228-1234.
26. Yang D, Dalton JE. A unified approach to measuring the effect size between two groups using SAS®. SAS Global Forum 2012: Statistics and Data Analysis, Paper 335-2012.
27. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Kahn SE, GRADE Study Research Group, et al. Rationale and design of the glycemia reduction approaches in diabetes: a comparative effectiveness study (GRADE). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2254-2261.
28. Suissa S. Lower Risk of Death With SGLT2 Inhibitors in Observational Studies: Real or Bias? Diabetes Care. 2018;41(1):6-10.
29. Suissa S, Azoulay L. Metformin and the risk of cancer: time-related biases in observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2665-2673.
30. Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy, are users healthier than nonusers? Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143(10):971-978.
31. Ou HT, Chang KC, Li CY, Wu JS. Risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and other antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nation-wide longitudinal study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:41.
32. Ou HT, Chang KC, Li CY, Wu JS. Comparative cardiovascular risks of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with other second- and third-line antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(7):1556-1570.
33. Hou WH, Chang KC, Li CY, Ou HT. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use is not associated with elevated risk of severe joint pain in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Pain. 2016;157(9):1954-1959.
34. Lu CH, Yang CY, Li CY, Hsieh CY, Ou HT. Lower risk of dementia with pioglitazone, compared with other second-line treatments, in metformin-based dual therapy: a population-based longitudinal study. Diabetologia. 2018;61(3):562-573.
35. Hou WH, Chang KC, Li CY, Ou HT. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use is associated with decreased risk of fracture in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(9):2029-2039.
36. Ou HT, Chen YT, Liu YM, Wu JS. Comparative cost-effectiveness of metformin-based dual therapies associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: Evidence from a population-based national cohort in Taiwan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;116:14-25.