Trends of the SDI value in China, 1990-2010
Fig.1 depicts the SDI level of provinces in China from 1990 to 2010. In the past ten years, the level of SDI in China had risen, with the highest level in the eastern region, followed by the central region and the western region. The level of SDI in China increased from west to East. In 1990, the lowest was 0.38 in Guizhou province and the highest was 0.68 in Shanghai. In 2010, the lowest was 0.54 in Tibet and the highest was 0.79 in Beijing.
Trends of life expectancy in China, 1990-2010
Fig.2 shows the trend of life expectancy of provinces in China from 1990 to 2010. In the past 10 years, life expectancy level has increased year by year. From West to east, the overall level of life expectancy has gradually increased, with the highest in the eastern region, followed by the central region and the western region. In 1990, the lowest level was 59.64 in Tibet and the highest life expectancy was 74.90 in Shanghai. The lowest life expectancy in 2010 was 68.17 in Tibet and the highest level was 80.26 in Shanghai.
Fig.3 presents a three-dimensional map of life expectancy in China. The low and high levels show different colors and dispersion. It can be seen that the overall level of life expectancy is gradually increasing from the west to the east. In the past 10 years, Beijing, Shanghai are still at a higher level, while Tibet and Qinghai are at a lower level.
The relationship between SDI and LE
We used SAS 9.4 to probe into the relationship between SDI and LE. The sample of SDI was 672, and the sample of life expectancy was 92. The value of SDI level of each province in China from 1990 to 2010 and the life expectancy of each province in China in 1990, 2000 and 2010 were tested by Shapiro-Wilks normality test. The statistical results showed WSDI=0.995866, PSDI=0.0730>0.05;WLE=0.984582,PLE=0.3521>0.05, indicating SDI and LE both obeyed normal distribution. We selected Pearson analysis of using CORR process for SDI and LE showed that r=0.90335,P<0.0001, meaning that there was a positive correlation between SDI and LE.
The D value in different SDI level
The Differences Value (D), the differences between LE and HALE, in five SDI levels and Asian countries in 1990, 2006 and 2016. D represents the year of lost, which means the loss year of diseases, disabilities, accidental injuries or other situations and it is customary to call disability adjusted life year (DALY). DALY includes the year of life lost (YLL) and the year lived with disability (YLD), which is usually used to evaluate the improvement of people's health and the economic burden of disease.[10]。
Table 1 shows the D in different SDI level. In the same level, D is increasing with the year, and the difference of D value of each level is shrinking. The loss years of men in the same age group were generally lower than women. Among the five SDI levels in the same year, the region with high SDI also has high LE, so the D value is relatively high. However, in the middle SDI and low-middle SDI areas, the results showed the opposite situation. Except for the 65 years old in women in 2006, the D-0 and D-65 in the middle SDI level areas were lower than those in the low-middle SDI areas, which indicated that the harm of diseases and disabilities in the middle SDI level areas was lower than that in the low-middle SDI areas. In China and India, for example, life expectancy in India is much lower than China, but the years of health loss were higher. Between 1990 and 2016, the DALY gap at birth between the two countries decreased from 1.25 years to 0.79 years for men and 0.85 years to 0.79 years for women. In the 65 years old group, the DALY gap in male was reduced from 0.80 years to 0.46 years, and the DALY gap in female was reduced from 0.43 to -0.21 (the negative value -0.21 represents that the DALY in female at the age of 65 in China was higher than that India).