Table 1: The effect of crude and solvent fractions of S.molle seeds on parasitemia level and survival time in Peter’s test
Type of extract
|
Animal group
|
Parasitaemia level
|
% inhibition
|
Survival time (day)
|
Crude extract
|
NC
|
65.00 ± 0.71
|
-
|
6.80 ± 0.37
|
|
SM100
|
39.60 ± 0.62
|
39.08a3,b3,d3,e3
|
9.10 ± 0.37a2,b3,d2,e3
|
|
SM200
|
27.86 ± 0.23
|
57.14a3,b3,c3,e3
|
11.40 ± 0.51a3,b3,c2,e3
|
|
SM400
|
15.58 ± 0.90
|
76.03a3,b3,c3,d3
|
15.40 ± 0.51a3,b3,c3,d3
|
|
CQ25
|
0.00±0.00
|
100.00
|
30.00 ± 0.00
|
Chloroform fraction
|
NC
|
64.60 ± 4.65
|
-
|
7.00 ± 0.55
|
|
CF100
|
53.36 ± 3.04
|
17.39b3,d3,e3
|
9.60 ± 0.51a1,b3,e3
|
|
CF200
|
37.60 ± 2.73
|
41.80a3,b3,c3,e3
|
11.00 ± 0.45a3,b3,e2
|
|
CF400
|
19.50 ± 0.95
|
69.81a3,b3,c3,d3
|
14.00 ± 0.55a3,b3,c3,d2
|
Aqueous fraction
|
AF100
|
23.40 ± 1.32
|
63.78a3,b3,e1
|
11.20 ± 0.37a3,b3,d2,e3
|
|
AF200
|
15.88 ± 0.55
|
76.78a3,b2
|
14.00 ± 0.71a3,b3,c2
|
|
AF400
|
10.14 ± 0.30
|
84.30a3,c1
|
16.00 ± 0.45a3,b3,c3
|
Ethyl acetate fraction
|
EF100
|
48.20 ± 1.66
|
25.37a2,b3,c1,e3
|
9.80 ± 0.37a2,b3,e3
|
|
EF200
|
34.70 ± 2.31
|
46.28a3,b3,c1,e1
|
11.20 ± 0.58a3,b3,e2
|
|
EF400
|
16.80 ± 3.44
|
73.99a3,b2,c3,d3
|
14.20 ± 0.73a3,b3,c3,d2
|
|
CQ25
|
0.00 ± 0.00
|
100.00
|
30.00 ± 0.00
|
Results presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5; a, compared to negative control; b, to CQ25mg/kg; c, to 100 mg/kg; d, to 200 mg/kg; e, 400 mg/kg; 1p<0.05, 2p<0.01, 3p<0.001; SM = crude extract of Schinus Molle, CF = Chloroform fraction, AF=aqueous fraction, EF= Ethylacetate fraction NC= Negative Control, CQ = chloroquine.
Table 2: The effect of solvent fractions of S.molle seeds on rectal temperature, body weight and packed cell volume of infected mice in Peter’s test
Extract
|
Animal group
|
Bodyweight (gm)
|
Body temperature (oc)
|
Packed cell volume (%)
|
D0
|
D4
|
%Change
|
DO
|
D4
|
%change
|
D0
|
D4
|
%change
|
Crude extract
|
NC
|
28.40 ± 0.66
|
25.12 ± 0.60
|
-11.55
|
37.02 ± 0.56
|
33.52 ± 0.63
|
-9.45
|
53.00 ± 0.71
|
47.80 ± 0.73
|
-9.81
|
|
CQ25
|
27.46 ± 0.43
|
27.82 ± 0.42
|
1.30
|
36.96 ± 0.05
|
37.12 ± 0.06
|
0.43
|
55.20 ± 0.86
|
56.40 ± 1.03
|
2.17
|
|
SM100
|
27.60 ± 0.70
|
27.10 ± 0.42
|
-1.81a3
|
37.06 ± 0.09
|
35.40 ± 0.34
|
-4.48a1,b1
|
52.00 ± 0.31
|
48.80 ± 0.37
|
-6.15b3
|
|
SM200
|
28.60 ± 0.39
|
28.64 ± 0.23
|
0.14a3
|
37.04 ± 0.16
|
35.96 ± 0.18
|
-2.92a3
|
52.40 ± 0.51
|
49.40 ± 0.51
|
-5.73b2
|
|
SM400
|
28.80 ± 0.18
|
28.94 ± 0.11
|
0.42a3
|
36.98 ± 0.12
|
36.76 ± 0.20
|
-0.59a3
|
52.60 ± 0.51
|
50.00 ± 0.45
|
-4.94b2
|
Fraction extract
|
NC
|
28.40 ± 0.43
|
25.70 ± 0.54
|
-9.5
|
36.96 ± 0.05
|
33.56 ± 0.50
|
-9.19
|
53.00 ± 1.00
|
48.00 ± 0.71
|
-9.43
|
|
CQ25
|
27.90 ± 0.40
|
28.44 ± 0.33
|
1.93
|
36.88 ± 0.06
|
37.04 ± 0.05
|
0.43
|
55.00 ± 0.71
|
56.00 ± 0.71
|
1.82
|
Chloroform fraction
|
CF100
|
28.76 ± 0.53
|
27.30 ± 0.59
|
-5.08b2
|
37.02 ± 0.21
|
34.96 ± 0.11
|
-5.56a1,e3
|
52.00 ± 0.71
|
48.80 ± 0.37
|
-6.15b3
|
|
CF200
|
28.30 ± 0.33
|
27.70 ± 0 .33
|
-2.12a2
|
36.76 ± 0.26
|
35.24 ± 0.09
|
-4.13a3,b2,e2
|
52.80 ± 0.58
|
51.80 ± 0.58
|
-1.88a3
|
|
CF400
|
28.16 ± 0.41
|
28.00 ± 0.40
|
-0.56a3
|
37.24 ± 0.21
|
37.18 ± 0.23
|
-0.16a3,c3,d2
|
52.40 ± 0.51
|
52.00 ± 0.32
|
-0.76a3
|
Aqueous fraction
|
AF100
|
27.58 ± 0.40
|
27.04 ± 0.35
|
-1.96a2
|
37.00 ± 0.23
|
36.20 ± 0.20
|
-2.16a3
|
52.60 ± 0.51
|
49.20 ± 0.66
|
-6.46b3
|
|
AF200
|
27.04 ± 0.32
|
27.10 ± 0.31
|
0.22a3
|
37.20 ± 0.18
|
36.84 ± 0.12
|
-0.97a3
|
52.40 ± 0.51
|
49.40 ± 0.24
|
-5.72b3
|
|
AF400
|
27.36 ± 0.34
|
27.58 ± 0.24
|
0.80a3
|
37.04 ± 0.11
|
37.08 ± 0.10
|
0.11a3
|
53.20 ± 0.58
|
51.00 ± 0.55
|
-4.14b1
|
Ethyl acetate fraction
|
EF100
|
26.78 ± 0.32
|
25.90 ± 0.23
|
-3.13a1
|
36.88 ± 0.11
|
34.64 ± 0.17
|
-6.07b3,e3
|
52.00 ± 0.71
|
48.00 ± 0.84
|
-6.15b3
|
|
EF200
|
28.10 ± 0.39
|
27.60 ± 0.41
|
-1.78a3
|
37.02 ± 0.06
|
35.38 ± 0.20
|
-4.43a3,b3,e1
|
51.60 ± 0.51
|
49.00 ± 0.31
|
-5.04b2
|
|
EF400
|
27.96 ± 0.42
|
27.74 ± 0.46
|
-0.79a3
|
37.20 ± 0.12
|
36.88 ± 0.20
|
-0.86a3,c3,d1
|
51.80 ± 0.37
|
49.60 ± 0.51
|
-4.25b1
|
Results presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5; a=compared to negative control, b=to CQ25mg/kg, c= to 100mg/kg, d = to 200mg/kg, e = to 400mg/kg; to 1p<0.05, 2p<0.01, 3p<0.001, p*; SM = crude extract of Schinus Molle, CF = Chloroform fraction, AF=aqueous fraction, EF= Ethyl acetate fraction NC = Negative Control, CQ = chloroquine, D0 = pre-treatment value on day 0, D4 = post-treatment value on day four. Numbers refer to dose in mg/kg.
Table 3: The effect of crude and aqueous fraction of S.molle seeds on parasitemia level and survival time of infected mice in the Rane’s test
Extract
|
Animal group
|
Parasitemia level (%)
|
%Suppression
|
Survival date
|
Day 3
|
Day 4
|
Day 5
|
Day 6
|
Day 7
|
Crude extract
|
NC
|
25.18 ± 0.34
|
33.18 ±1.00
|
42.02 ± 1.02
|
51.84 ± 0.71
|
61.64 ± 0.42
|
-
|
7.60 ± 0.40
|
|
SM100
|
28.02 ± 0.48
|
40.14 ± 0.62
|
39.78 ± 0.77
|
38.46 ± 0.75
|
37.96 ± 0.76
|
38.42a3,b3,d3,e3
|
9.80 ± 0.37 a1,b3,d1,e3
|
|
SM200
|
26.58 ± 0.50
|
36.88 ± 0.98
|
34.68 ± 0.62
|
30.08 ± 0.74
|
27.68 ± 0.43
|
55.10a3,b3,c3,e3
|
12.00 ± 0.55 a3,b3,c1
|
|
SM400
|
25.94 ± 0.51
|
29.48 ± 0.83
|
26.30 ± 1.52
|
20.54 ± 1.43
|
16.34 ± 0.68
|
73.49a3,b3,c3,d3
|
14.00 ± 0.71 a3,b3,c3
|
Aqueous fraction
|
AF100
|
26.38 ± 0.56
|
36.30 ± 0.37
|
31.06 ± 0.82
|
27.60 ± 0.57
|
24.36 ± 0.57
|
60.48a3,b3,d3,e3
|
11.40 ± 0.68a3,b3,d1,e3
|
|
AF200
|
26.10 ± 0.58
|
29.18 ± 0.42
|
24.94 ± 0.50
|
20.06 ± 0.38
|
16.14 ± 0.65
|
73.82a3,b3,c3,e3
|
13.60 ± 0.24a3,b3,c1
|
|
AF400
|
25.64 ± 0.60
|
26.34 ± 0.38
|
20.74 ± 0.45
|
16.66 ± 0.27
|
11.02 ± 0.43
|
82.12a3,b3,c3,d3
|
15.80 ± 0.20a3,b3,c3
|
|
CQ 25
|
23.68 ± 1.46
|
15.66 ± 0.88
|
6.62 ± 0.75
|
1.04 ± 0.43
|
0.00 ± 00
|
100
|
30.00 ± 00
|
Results presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5; a, compared to negative control; b, to CQ25mg/kg; c, to 100 mg/kg; d, to 200 mg/kg; e, 400 mg/kg; 1p<0.05, 2p<0.01, 3p<0.001; SM = crude extract of S.Molle, AF=aqueous fraction, NC = Negative Control, CQ = chloroquine. Numbers refer to dose in mg/kg.
Table 4: The effect of crude extract and aqueous fraction of S.molle seeds on rectal temperature, body weight and packed cell volume of infected mice in Rane’s test
Animal group
|
Bodyweight (mg)
|
Rectal temperature (oc)
|
Packed cell volume (%)
|
Day 3
|
Day 7
|
% change
|
Day 3
|
Day 7
|
% change
|
Day 3
|
Day 7
|
% change
|
NC
|
26.72 ± 0.27
|
24.48 ± 0.42
|
-8.38
|
35.7 ± 0.23
|
33.04 ± 0.21
|
-7.45
|
49.80 ± 0.37
|
45.20 ± 0.37
|
-9.24
|
CQ 25
|
26.70 ± 0.21
|
26.96 ± 0.25
|
0.97
|
35.84 ± 0.19
|
36.30 ± 0.21
|
1.28
|
49.36 ± 0.67
|
49.84 ± 1.36
|
2.82
|
SM100
|
25.58 ± 0.34
|
25.04 ± 0.61
|
-2.11a3
|
35.80 ± 0.15
|
35.44 ± 0.35
|
-1.01a3
|
49.92 ± 0.33
|
48.40 ± 1.17
|
-7.57b3
|
SM200
|
26.04 ± 0.24
|
25.74 ± 0.46
|
-1.15a3
|
35.54 ± 0.17
|
35.80 ± 0.18
|
0.39a3
|
50.24 ± 0.37
|
46.48 ± 0.39
|
-6.14b3
|
SM400
|
25.70 ± 0.40
|
25.80 ± 0.26
|
0.39a3
|
35.82 ± 0.19
|
36.12 ± 0.07
|
0.84a3
|
49.56 ± 0.50
|
46.56 ± 0.67
|
-5.71b3
|
AF100
|
26.04 ± 0.17
|
25.72 ± 0.23
|
-1.22a3
|
35.76 ± 0.12
|
35.84 ± 0.17
|
0.22a3
|
49.20 ± 0.37
|
46.24 ± 0.37
|
-6.10b3
|
AF200
|
25.68 ± 0.36
|
25.80 ± 0.20
|
0.47a3
|
35.84 ± 0.12
|
36.06 ± 0.07
|
0.64a3
|
49.20 ± 0.37
|
46.20 ± 0.58
|
-5.24b2
|
AF400
|
26.10 ± 0.18
|
26.26 ± 0.06
|
0.61a3
|
35.7 ± 0.17
|
36.06 ± 0.19
|
1.01a3
|
49.44 ± 0.50
|
47.04 ± 0.29
|
-4.37
|
Results presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5; a=compared to negative control, b=to CQ25mg/kg, c= to 100mg/kg, d = to 200mg/kg, e = to 400mg/kg; 1p<0.05, 2p<0.01, 3p<0.001; SM = crude extract of S.Molle, AF=aqueous fraction, NC = Negative Control, CQ = chloroquine, D3 = pre-treatment value on day 3, D7 = post-treatment value on day seven. Numbers refer to dose in mg/kg.
Table 5: Parasitaemia and mean survival day of infected mice treated with aqueous fraction of S.molle seeds in the prophylactic tests
Extract
|
Animal group
|
Parasitemia level
|
% suppression
|
Survival date
|
Aqueous fraction
|
NC
|
35.52 ± 0.95
|
-
|
7.40 ± 0.25
|
|
CQ25
|
0.00 ± 0.00
|
100
|
30.00 ± 0.20
|
|
AF100
|
16.04 ± 0.59
|
54.84a3,b3,c3,e3
|
9.20 ± 0.37a1,b3,d1,e3
|
|
AF200
|
10.74 ± 0.17
|
69.76a3,b3,c3,e3
|
10.80 ±0.37a3,b3,c1,e3
|
|
AF400
|
7.18 ± 0.34
|
79.78a3,b3,c3,e3
|
13.20 ± 0.58a3,b3,c3,d3
|
Results presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5; a, compared to negative control; b, to CQ25mg/kg; c, to 100 mg/kg; d, to 200 mg/kg; e, 400 mg/kg; 1p<0.05, 2p<0.01, 3p<0.001; AF=aqueous fraction, NC = Negative Control, CQ = chloroquine. Numbers refer to dose in mg/kg.
Table 6: The effect of aqueous fraction of S.molle seeds on temperature, weight and packed cell volume of infected mice in prophylactic tests
Animal Group
|
Bodyweight (mg)
|
Rectal temperature (oc)
|
Packed cell volume (%)
|
D1
|
D7
|
% change
|
D1
|
D7
|
% change
|
D1
|
D7
|
% change
|
NC
|
27.18 ± 0.35
|
24.88 ± 0.44
|
-8.46
|
37.08 ± 0.17
|
34.40 ± 0.41
|
-7.23
|
52.60 ± 0.51
|
48.60 ± 0.51
|
-7.6
|
CQ 25
|
26.46 ± 0.22
|
26.66 ± 0.17
|
0.76
|
36.98 ± 0.12
|
37.02 ± 0.09
|
0.11
|
54.00 ± 0.55
|
54.80 ± 0.37
|
0.37
|
AF 100
|
29.06 ± 0.47
|
28.40 ± 0.34
|
-2.27a1
|
37.06 ± 0.17
|
35.82 ± 0.24
|
-3.34a3,b2,e1
|
52.60 ± 0.60
|
49.80 ± 0.73
|
-5.32b3
|
AF 200
|
28.92 ± 0.34
|
28.62 ± 0.12
|
-1.04a2
|
37.28 ± 0.17
|
36.30 ± 0.24
|
-2.63a3,b1
|
51.20 ± 0.37
|
49.00 ± 0.32
|
-4.27b2
|
AF 400
|
29.22 ± 0.41
|
29.26 ± 0.54
|
0.14a3
|
37.06 ± 0.07
|
36.82 ± 0.23
|
-0.64a3,c1
|
51.40 ± 0.40
|
49.40 ± 0.40
|
-3.89b1
|
Results presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5; a=compared to negative control, b=to CQ25mg/kg, c= to 100mg/kg, d = to 200mg/kg, e = to 400mg/kg; to 1p<0.05, 2p<0.01, 3p<0.001; AF=aqueous fraction, NC = Negative Control, CQ = chloroquine, D1 = pre-treatment value on day 1, D7 = post-treatment value on day four. Numbers refer to dose in mg/kg
Table 7: Phytochemical constituents of crude extract and solvent fractions of seeds of S. molle
Secondary metabolites
|
Crude extract
|
Aqueous fraction
|
Ethylacatate fraction
|
Chloroform fraction
|
Alkaloids
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Flavonoids
|
+
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Cardiac glycosides
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Anthraquinones
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
+
|
Phenolic compounds
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Terpenoids
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Saponins
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Tannins
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Diterpenoid
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Triterpenoid
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Steroid
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Sesquiterpenes
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Key: (-) = absent; (+) = present