Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Characteristics
|
Total(N=11557)
|
Glucose Metabolism Status
|
P value
|
NGR(n=1640)
|
Pre-DM(n=4034)
|
DM(n=5883)
|
Age (years)
|
64(59,70)
|
62(56,68)
|
64(59,70)
|
65(59,70)
|
< 0.001
|
Male (%)
|
4805(41.6)
|
752(45.9)
|
1539(38.2)
|
2514(42.7)
|
< 0.001
|
SBP (mm Hg)
|
140(126,154)
|
136(123,151)
|
138(125,153)
|
140(128,155)
|
0.035
|
DBP (mm Hg)
|
81(75,90)
|
82(75,90)
|
81(75,90)
|
81(75,90)
|
0.025
|
Drinking history, n (%)
|
3017(26.1)
|
492(30.0)
|
987(24.5)
|
1538(26.1)
|
< 0.001
|
Smoking history, n (%)
|
4320(37.4)
|
655(39.9)
|
1407(34.9)
|
2258(38.4)
|
< 0.001
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
6.3(5.4,8.2)
|
5.0(4.7,5.3)
|
5.7(5.2,6.2)
|
8.2(7.0,10.6)
|
< 0.001
|
HbA1C (%)
|
6.1(5.6,7.0)
|
5.4(5.2,5.5)
|
5.9(5.7,6.1)
|
7.0(6.4,8.1)
|
< 0.001
|
RC (mmol/L)
|
0.62(0.36,0.96)
|
0.55(0.31,0.84)
|
0.63(0.36,0.96)
|
0.64(0.38,1.00)
|
< 0.001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
2.73(2.14,3.37)
|
2.72(2.17,3.34)
|
2.74(2.14,3.37)
|
2.73(2.14,3.38)
|
0.967
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.08(0.91,1.28)
|
1.14(0.97,1.34)
|
1.12(0.95,1.32)
|
1.04(0.88,1.23)
|
< 0.001
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.45(1.06,2.08)
|
1.28(0.93,1.78)
|
1.38(1.01,1.94)
|
1.57(1.14,2.26)
|
< 0.001
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
4.55(3.83,5.32)
|
4.51(3.84,5.27)
|
4.59(3.88,5.35)
|
4.53(3.79,5.32)
|
0.011
|
LDL-C/HDL-C(mmol/L)
|
2.52(1.94,3.18)
|
2.37(1.85,2.98)
|
2.44(1.86,3.10)
|
2.62(2.01,3.29)
|
< 0.001
|
TG/HDL-C(mmol/L)
|
1.36(0.90,2.11)
|
4.51(3.84,5.27)
|
4.59(3.88,5.35)
|
4.53(3.79,5.32)
|
< 0.001
|
Non-HDL-C(mmol/L)
|
3.43(2.75,4.17)
|
1.15(0.74,1.68)
|
1.24(0.83,1.89)
|
1.53(1.01,2.39)
|
< 0.001
|
Non-HDL-C/HDL-C(mmol/L)
|
3.19(2.43,4.04)
|
2.91(2.21,3.69)
|
3.09(2.35,3.92)
|
3.32(2.55,4.22)
|
< 0.001
|
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)
|
5843(50.6)
|
711(43.4)
|
1966(48.7)
|
3166(53.8)
|
< 0.001
|
Hypertension, n (%)
|
9355(80.9)
|
1305(79.6)
|
3206(79.5)
|
4844(82.3)
|
0.001
|
Antilipidemic medication, n (%)
|
8182(70.8)
|
1106(67.4)
|
2906(72.0)
|
4170(70.9)
|
0.003
|
Antihypertensive medication, n (%)
|
8591(74.3)
|
1106(67.4)
|
3010(74.6)
|
4475(76.1)
|
< 0.001
|
Abbreviations: DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; non-HDL-C: non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC: remnant cholesterol; NGR: normal glucose regulation; Pre-DM: Pre-diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus.
Data are presented as median (interquartile) or number (proportion, %).
Table2 Association between lipid parameters and Pre-DM and DM
Variables
|
Pre-DM
|
DM
|
Crude Model
|
Multivariate Model
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
Traditional lipid parameters
|
|
|
|
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.008(0.948-1.071)
|
0.935(0.872-1.003)
|
1.004(0.947-1.064)
|
0.893(0.836-0.955) *
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
0.820(0.682-0.986) *
|
0.710(0.584-0.862) *
|
0.304(0.252-0.385) **
|
0.269(0.221-0.327) **
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.188(1.109-1.273) **
|
1.218(1.116-1.330) **
|
1.478(1.384-1.578) **
|
1.558(1.433-1.694) **
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
1.056(1.005-1.109) *
|
0.985(0.929-1.005)
|
1.029(0.982-1.079)
|
0.901(0.851-0.954) *
|
Non-traditional lipid parameters
|
|
|
|
|
LDL-C/HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.057(0.993-1.125) *
|
1.037(0.969-1.110)
|
1.297(1.222-1.376) **
|
1.247(1.169-1.330) **
|
TG/HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.139(1.075-1.206) **
|
1.163(1.087-1.245) **
|
1.393(1.319-1.471) **
|
1.438(1.349-1.534) **
|
Non-HDL-C(mmol/L)
|
1.084(1.027-1.143) *
|
1.021(0.955-1.090)
|
1.123(1.067-1.181) **
|
1.007(0.945-1.072)
|
Non-HDL-C/HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.100(1.047-1.156) **
|
1.095(1.033-1.160) *
|
1.322(1.261-1.385) **
|
1.313(1.243-1.388) **
|
RC (mmol/L)
|
1.432(1.270-1.615) **
|
1.365(1.193-1.562) **
|
1.646(1.466-1.848) **
|
1.468(1.290-1.672) **
|
HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; non-HDL-C: non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC: remnant cholesterol; NGR: normal glucose regulation; Pre-DM: Pre-diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus.
Crude model was no adjusted.
Multivariate Model was adjusted for sex, age, SBP, DBP, smoking, drinking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, antihypertensives medication, antilipidemic medication.
Compared with NGR, *P<0.05, **P<0.001.
Table3 Association between glucose metabolism and RC
Variables
|
Adjusted R2
|
Standard β
|
SEM
|
P value
|
Overall
|
|
|
|
|
HbA1C (%)
|
0.013
|
0.122
|
0.002
|
< 0.001
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
0.011
|
0.107
|
0.004
|
< 0.001
|
DM
|
|
|
|
|
HbA1C (%)
|
0.008
|
0.092
|
0.004
|
< 0.001
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
0.010
|
0.101
|
0.002
|
< 0.001
|
Pre-DM
|
|
|
|
|
HbA1C (%)
|
0.007
|
0.088
|
0.023
|
< 0.001
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
0.000
|
0.010
|
0.012
|
0.532
|
NGR
|
|
|
|
|
HbA1C (%)
|
0.004
|
0.049
|
0.065
|
0.009
|
FBG (mmol/L)
|
0.000
|
0.018
|
0.032
|
0.475
|
NGR: normal glucose regulation; Pre-DM: Pre-diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; FBG: fasting blood glucose; SEM: standard error of estimate.
Table4 Association of between RC and the risk of Pre-DM and DM
Variable
|
Pre-DM
|
DM
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
RC
|
1.432(1.270-1.615) **
|
1.365(1.193-1.562) **
|
1.646(1.466-1.848) **
|
1.468(1.290-1.672) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.140(0.995-1.305)
|
1.117(0.973-1.284)
|
1.181(1.039-1.344) *
|
1.112(0.973-1.270)
|
T3
|
1.609(1.392-1.861) **
|
1.554(1.316-1.835) **
|
1.728(1.504-1.985) **
|
1.454(1.240-1.705) **
|
P trend
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
RC: remnant cholesterol; NGR: normal glucose regulation; Pre-DM: Pre-diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus
Crude model was no adjusted.
Multivariate Model was adjusted for sex, age, SBP, DBP, smoking, drinking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, antihypertensives medication, antilipidemic medication.
Compared with NGR, *P<0.05, **P<0.001.
T1: RC <0.45, T2: 0.45≤ RC ≤0.83, T3: RC>0.83
Table5 Association between the RC and the risk of Pre-DM and DM according to sex and age.
Group
|
Variable
|
Pre-DM
|
DM
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
Male
|
RC
|
1.278(1.066-1.534) *
|
1.264(1.052-1.518) *
|
1.532(1.292-1.818) **
|
1.406(1.181-1.673) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.137(0.930-1.391)
|
1.136(0.923-1.399)
|
1.161(0.961-1.402)
|
1.121(0.921-1.363)
|
T3
|
1.432(1.144-1.792) *
|
1.437(1.106-1.865) *
|
1.699(1.378-2.095) **
|
1.464(1.146-1.871) **
|
P trend
|
0.002
|
0.007
|
< 0.001
|
0.002
|
Female
|
RC
|
1.509(1.284-1.773) **
|
1.442(1.225-1.696) **
|
1.717(1.469-2.008) **
|
1.460(1.245-1.713) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.124(0.936-1.350)
|
1.096(0.909-1.321)
|
1.190(0.998-1.420)
|
1.096(0.914-1.314)
|
T3
|
1.661(1.371-2.013) **
|
1.617(1.302-2.008) **
|
1.728(1.434-2.081) **
|
1.440(1.167-1.777) *
|
P trend
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0.001
|
≤60
|
RC
|
1.470(1.209-1.787) **
|
1.360(1.117-1.655) *
|
1.761(1.461-2.123) **
|
1.406(1.181-1.673) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.153(0.924-1.438)
|
1.120(0.892-1.405)
|
1.002(0.829-1.261)
|
0.942(0.758-1.171)
|
T3
|
1.730(1.367-2.190) **
|
1.580(1.208-2.067) *
|
1.854(1.484-2.318) **
|
1.419(1.099-1.832) *
|
P trend
|
< 0.001
|
0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0.005
|
>60
|
RC
|
1.446(1.232-1.698) **
|
1.401(1.170-1.679) **
|
1.642(1.407-1.916) **
|
1.485(1.247-1.768) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.137(0.957-1.351)
|
1.132(0.949-1.349)
|
1.258(1.067-1.483) *
|
1.209(1.022-1.431) *
|
T3
|
1.553(1.291-1.869) **
|
1.535(1.242-1.897) **
|
1.668(1.396-1.993) **
|
1.452(1.185-1.779) **
|
P trend
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0.001
|
RC: remnant cholesterol; NGR: normal glucose regulation; Pre-DM: Pre-diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus
Crude model was no adjusted.
Multivariate Model was adjusted for SBP, DBP, smoking, drinking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, antihypertensives medication, antilipidemic medication, as well as sex, age, if applicable.
Compared with NGR, *P<0.05, **P<0.001.
T1: RC <0.45, T2: 0.45≤ RC ≤0.83, T3: RC>0.83
Table6 Association between the RC and the risk of Pre-DM and DM according to smoking and drinking
Group
|
Variable
|
Pre-DM
|
DM
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
Crude model
|
Multivariate Model
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
Smoking
|
RC
|
1.362(1.125-1.649) *
|
1.311(1.054-1.632) *
|
1.615(1.349-1.935) **
|
1.466(1.192-1.890) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.080(0.870-1.340)
|
1.073(0.858-1.341)
|
1.185(0.968-1.452)
|
1.144(0.927-1.413)
|
T3
|
1.483(1.171-1.879) *
|
1.427(1.084-1.880) *
|
1.840(1.473-2.299) **
|
1.625(1.253-2.107) **
|
P trend
|
0.001
|
0.012
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Non-smoking
|
RC
|
1.393(1.174-1.653) **
|
1.401(1.170-1.679) **
|
1.469(1.244-1.736) **
|
1.485(1.247-1.768) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.172(0.985-1.395)
|
1.142(0.956-1.364)
|
1.177(0.997-1.390)
|
1.090(0.919-1294)
|
T3
|
1.664(1.384-2.000) **
|
1.615(1.311-1.991) **
|
1.657(1.388-1.979) **
|
1.358(1.110-1.661) *
|
P trend
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0.003
|
Drinking
|
RC
|
1.364(1.092-1.704) *
|
1.321(1.025-1.702) *
|
1.543(1.249-1.906) **
|
1.454(1.142-1.853) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.077(0.837-1.385)
|
1.051(0.809-1.364)
|
1.171(0.925-1.483)
|
1.144(0.895-1.463)
|
T3
|
1.549(1.174-2.043) *
|
1.545(1.119-2.133) *
|
1.791(1.379-2.326) **
|
1.687(1.244-2.288) *
|
P trend
|
0.002
|
0.008
|
< 0.001
|
0.001
|
Non-drinking
|
RC
|
1.455(1.281-1.679) **
|
1.380(1.177-1.618) **
|
1.684(1.467-1.933) **
|
1.474(1.264-1.719) **
|
T1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
T2
|
1.164(0.991-1.367)
|
1.136(0.964-1.339)
|
1.187(1.018-1.384) *
|
1.106(0.944-1295)
|
T3
|
1.616(1.363-1.917) **
|
1.546(1.273-1.877) **
|
1.697(1.440-1.999) **
|
1.379(1.143-1.662) *
|
P trend
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0.001
|
RC: remnant cholesterol; NGR: normal glucose regulation; Pre-DM: Pre-diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus
Crude model was no adjusted.
Multivariate Model was adjusted for sex, age, SBP, DBP, smoking, drinking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, antihypertensives medication, antilipidemic medication.
Compared with NGR, *P<0.05, **P<0.001.
T1: RC <0.45, T2: 0.45≤ RC ≤0.83, T3: RC>0.83