Study design
Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded pilot trial comparing the effectiveness of a single perineural PRP injection to that of steroid/anesthetic injection or injection with normal saline to the greater occipital nerve. These injections will be performed under ultrasound guidance. Flow through the study is portrayed in Figure 1.
Study registration
The trial protocol is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04051203). This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on August 9, 2019; the study was open for enrollment at this time. This study protocol was prepared in accordance with the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) guidelines for reporting clinical trials (38).
Study setting and recruitment
Participants will be recruited primarily from the Calgary Brain Injury Program at the Foothills Medical Centre. Recruitment in this study will also be advertised at other Calgary-area neurology and sports medicine clinics. Once a participant is referred and has provided consent to contact, they will be contacted by a member of our research team. If they meet inclusion criteria at that time, an initial assessment will be scheduled and participants will complete a digital informed consent.
Study participants
Inclusion criteria
Eligible participants will be males or females at least 18 years of age who suffer from post-traumatic headaches secondary to GON. Patients must fulfill the ICHD-3 criteria (6) for post-traumatic headache (Table 1) and for GON (Table 2) in establishing a diagnosis of post-traumatic GON. This diagnosis will be established by an experienced Physiatrist and/or Neurologist with extensive experience in headache and related disorders. To meet this criteria, participants must have experienced previous successful temporary relief with local anesthetic/steroid injection surrounding the greater occipital nerve in the past, but have not received local injection within the past 3 months. Pre-treatment numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) for daily headache intensity must be ≥4/10, with a headache frequency ≥10 days/month. Possible secondary causes of headache must be ruled out with a reasonable level of investigation prior to enrollment.
Exclusion criteria
Inability to provide informed consent; history of surgery in the occipital region; unstable psychiatric or medical condition; uncontrolled rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders; widespread neurologic disorders (eg. MS); fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome; coagulopathy; immunosuppression; active cancer; herpes zoster infection in last 6 months; pregnancy; steroid injection to the greater or lesser occipital nerve infiltration in past 3 months.
Blinding and randomization
Each participant will be randomized following screening and enrollment in the study. Participants will be randomized (via sealed envelope) by a blinded research assistant in a 1:1 fashion to one of three treatment arms: 1) autologous PRP injection 2) steroid/anesthetic injection (standard care) or 3) placebo injection with normal saline. All patients will undergo 60mL blood draw on their scheduled day of injection. Whole blood samples will be prepared in the PRP group only, otherwise, they will be discarded appropriately. Syringes (3mL each) will be prepared by a research assistant and will be covered in an opaque tape so the physician providing the injection is blinded to the type of injectate. The physician will fill out a questionnaire at the time of injection indicating their best guess of the syringe contents, which will be evaluated afterwards, to ensure adequate blinding. Unblinding will occur only in extraordinary circumstances if knowledge of the actual treatment received is deemed essential to providing further patient care.
Interventions
Injections will be prepared as stated below. Patients will be asked to complete a NPRS immediately pre- and post-injection. Patients will be asked to refrain from use of anti-inflammatory medications for 2 weeks prior to the injection and for 2 weeks following the injection due to the possible inhibitory effect on the action of PRP. Two 3mL syringes with 2mL of injectate (PRP, steroid/anesthetic, or normal saline) will be prepared for each participant. Patients will be assessed at the time of injection and will receive a single injection, if experiencing unilateral symptoms only, or two injections to each greater occipital nerve, if symptoms are bilateral. Patients will be monitored for 30 minutes following injection for any immediate adverse reactions, such as local reaction, increased pain intensity, anaphylaxis, nausea or dizziness.
Platelet rich plasma
PRP will be prepared using the “Arthrex Angel System”, which is a fully automated PRP preparation machine. 60 mL of blood will be drawn from the antecubital vein and processed via centrifugation. Five mL of sodium citrate will be added to the syringe prior to blood draw to prevent coagulation. Samples will be centrifuged as per manufacturer instructions, yielding 5mL of PRP. For quality testing, 1mL of PRP will be sent to the lab for analysis of platelet and leukocyte count, as compared to the patients’ whole blood. The remaining 4mL of PRP will be divided into two syringes and 2mL will be injected per symptomatic side.
Steroid/anesthetic
Steroid injections will be prepared to include 20mg Depo-Medrol and 2mL 2% lidocaine.
Normal saline
Placebo injections will be with 2mL normal saline.
Injection technique
Given that ultrasound (US) guided greater occipital nerve blockade demonstrated superiority over conventional blind technique in one study (39), participants will receive perineural injections under ultrasound guidance. Injections will be performed bilaterally if participants’ symptoms are bilateral, otherwise they will be performed unilaterally. Where the greater occipital nerve is not visible under US, injection will be performed in accordance with conventional blind technique (40).
Measures
Demographic information will be collected two weeks prior to starting the study including age, sex, weight/height, education, family history, past medical history, and medication use. Headache history will be collected including headache frequency, severity, prn medication-use, type of headache, associated symptoms (i.e. paresthesia, fronto-orbital pain, nausea, vomiting) and headache triggers.
Questionnaires (NPRS, headache frequency diary, HIT-6, QOILIBRI will be completed 2 weeks prior to injections, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-injection. A daily headache diary provided via mobile application (Secure RedCap) available in iPhone or android device will be provided to record daily records of NPRS, headache frequency, and medication-use. Patients will complete daily headache diaries beginning at two weeks pre-injection and ending 3 months post-injection. See Figure 1 in appendix for a schematic of the study design.
Primary outcome measure
The primary outcome will be a reduction in the NPRS at 3 months in the PRP group, as compared to the steroid and placebo groups. The suggested minimal clinical important difference (MCID) at the time of writing is 2 points (41) or ≥50% compared to placebo.
Secondary outcome measures
Secondary outcomes will include headache frequency based on daily diaries and NPRS. Additional questionnaires completed at 2 weeks prior to injection, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-injection will be the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6; a valid and reliable 6-item questionnaire for assessment of the impact of headaches across different diagnostic groups of headaches (42, 43)) and the quality of life in following brain injury questionnaire (QOILIBRI). Other secondary outcomes will include adverse events or side effects experienced during the study’s duration. As well, participants will complete daily medication diaries tracking prn analgesic use.
Attrition and adherence
Participants will be withdrawn from the study if there is a change in routine medications during the study period or if they do not complete study questionnaires. Daily headache diaries will be completed by all participants for the duration of the study submitted on their mobile device. In the event that daily diaries are not completed, reminders will be sent out by the study team.
Data management and monitoring
Participants will be assigned a study ID at the time of study enrolment. All identifying information will be removed once study participant numbers have been assigned and data is collected. Study data will be entered into a highly secure electronic REDCap database (REDCap 7.6.9 2020 @ Vanderbilt University). Only research team members will have access to this database. Paper copies of any data or participant information will be stored in a secure fashion. All data will be retained for five years following project completion in accordance with the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board.
There will not be a formal data monitoring committee; a research assistant will periodically evaluate participant data for completeness and inform investigators of any issues. Adverse events will be reported via telephone or email, a research assistant will contact participants for further details at the time of reporting. A study physician will be alerted of any serious adverse events that require immediate attention.
Sample size
Taking into account the results from other studies (44-46), in order to detect a 50% difference in NPRS scores at 2 weeks post-injection between study groups, accounting for a ~30% placebo response in the control group, a total sample size of 78 is required (assuming 80% power, two-sided significance of 5%, a standard deviation of 3, and a 15% dropout rate; calculated using OpenEpi calculator available at http://www.openepi.com/SampleSize/SSMean.htm). However, for the purpose of this pilot study, a convenience sample size of 30 will be used, with 10 participants in each group. The results and parameters obtained from this study will help inform the size for a larger trial.
Data analysis
The primary clinical outcome in this trial will be the change in NRPS at 3 months following intervention. A two-way mixed ANOVA test will be performed on our main outcome. If there is a significant proportion of data missing, an generalized estimating equation (GEE) will be employed. Frequencies will be reported for categorical variables and descriptive statistics will be used to describe patient characteristics. Chi-square testing will be performed to determine the relationship between basic characteristics in the three groups. One way ANOVA testing will be performed to evaluate for group differences in interval variables. For secondary outcomes, Kruskal-wallis non-parametric analysis based on ranks will be completed correcting for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction.
Study status
At the time of submission we are recruiting and enrolling participants in the study.
Protocol amendments
Any modifications to the study protocol will be submitted and approved through the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board. The ClinicalTrials.gov registry will be updated as required and trial participants will be notified of relevant study modifications.
Access to data
The principal investigator, research assistants, students, and statistician colleagues who are directly involved in the study will have access to the final data set.
Dissemination policy
Trial results will be disseminated through presentations at conferences, invited presentations and published manuscripts by study authors and contributors. The study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov. There will be no use of professional writers.