Taylor & Dear (1981) [23]; Canada | CAMI-40 (40 items) | Observational | General population from Toronto with separate samples from areas with and without mental health facilities (non-probabilistic sample). | 1090 | NA | Less considerate attitudes toward the mentally ill: elder people, divorced people, users with children (not including the ones with children older than 18 years old), regular church attenders (depending on the religious determination). The Pentecostal and Greek Orthodox groups showed more authoritarian attitudes and the Pentecostal and Greek Orthodox had the least benevolent attitudes. More considerate attitudes toward the mentally ill: female respondents, higher sociodemographic status, and higher education. The users that had used mental health facilities or are related with friends that had used those facilities. The Baptists and Salvation Army showed fewer authoritarian attitudes and the Baptists with the United Church, showed more benevolent attitudes. | - Factor structure: benevolence (10 items), CMHI (10 items), social restrictiveness (10 items), authoritarianism (10 items). - Global internal consistency: NA - Subscales internal consistency: - Benevolence: α = 0.76 - CMHI: α = 0.88 - Social restrictiveness: α = 0.80 - Authoritarianism: α = 0.68 - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale test-retest reliability: NA - Validity of subscales: A strong degree of correspondence between the factor scales and the theoretically ones. It is important to emphasize that the authoritarianism and social restrictiveness scales equally correlated with the first factor, ad to a lesser extent, with the fourth factor. |
Brockington et al. (1993) [37]; UK | CAMI-31 (31 items) | Observational | General population from the Malvern and Bromsgrove area (non-probabilistic sample). | 2000 | NA (NA); Bromsgrove (51%) NA (NA); Malvern (58%) | CMHI: (factor 1): Higher education and professional experience with people with mental health problems. Authoritarianism (factor 2): Lower scores are related with higher education. Benevolence (factor 3): The highest scores were found within the groups with higher education, knowledge of mental illness and an age between 55–64. | - Factor structure: Benevolence (NA), CMHI (NA), authoritarism (NA) - Factor Scores: NA - Global internal consistency: NA - Subscale internal consistency: NA - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale Test-retest reliability: - CMHI: NA - Authoritarianism: NA - Benevolence: NA - Validity: NA |
Wolff et al. (1996) [34]; UK | CAMI-W (20 items) | Observational | Participants from London (non-probabilistic sample). | 215 | 37 (13); 55% | Fear and exclusion were associated with having children in the domestic establishment (< 18), higher age, and a lower occupational status. Social control was associated with a higher age, sociodemographic lower class, Asian, African or Caribbean descendant, lower educational level, with children in the household, lower occupational status, being divorced, widowed or separated and be aware of somebody with a mental health problem. Goodwill was associated with lower age, higher educational level, and people from ethnical origin. | - Factor structure: fear and exclusion (11 items), social control (6 items), and goodwill (3 items). - Global internal consistency: NA - Sub-scale internal consistency: NA - Global Test-retest reliability: NA - Sub-scale Test-retest reliability: N - Validity: - Predictive validity: Significant correlation between fear and exclusion, social control and goodwill, and behavioural intention items |
Song et al. (2005) [40]; China | CAMI-22 (22 items) | Observational | General population from Taiwan (stratified proportional sampling). | 1203 | 42.3 (14.2); 51% | NA | - Factor structure: benevolence (6 items). Rehabilitation in the community (6 items), non-authoritarism (5 items), non-social restrictiveness (3 items), and normalization (2 items). - Global internal consistency: NA - Sub-scale internal consistency: - Benevolence: α = 0.63 - Rehabilitation in the community: α = 0.61 - Non-authoritarism: α = 0.52 - Non-social restrictiveness: α = 0.53 - Normalization: α = 0.43 - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale test-retest reliability: NA - Validity: NA |
Buizza et al. (2005) [39]; Italy | CAMI-24 (24 items) | Observational | General population from Brescia (probabilistic sample). | 280 | 48.3 (NA); 60% | - Physical distance and fear: They are associated with age > 61 years, being divorced/widowed/separated and never having participated in voluntary or social activities. - Social isolation: Associated with age > 41 years, higher education and being unemployed - Social responsibility and tolerance: there are no significative association between the social demographic variables and this factor. | - Factor structure: physical distance and fear (8 items), social distance and isolation (9 items), and social responsibility and tolerance (7 items). - Global internal consistency: NA - Subscale internal consistency: NA - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Sub-scale Test-retest reliability: N - Validity: NA |
Högberg et al. (2008) [32]; Sweden | CAMI-20 (20 items) | Observational | Student nurses selected based on their easy availability (non-probabilistic sample) | 421 | 27.9 (7.5); NA | NA | - Factor structure: open-minded and pro-integration (9 items), fear and avoidance (6 items), and community mental health ideology (5 items). - Global internal consistency: α = 0.90 - Subscale internal consistency: NA - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale test-retest reliability: NA |
Morris et al. (2011) [31]; Ireland | CAMI (40 items), re-specified CAMI 1 (NA), re-specified CAMI 2 (NA), Högberg CAMI-20 (20 items), CAMI-W (20 items), Re-specified Wolff Scale (NA). | Observational | Nurses (non-probabilistic sample). | 1242 | 40 (10); 66% | NA | - Factor structure: - CAMI-40: authoritarianism (10 items), benevolence (10 items), social restrictiveness (10 items), and CMHI (10 items). - Re-specified CAMI 1: NA - Re-specified CAMI 2: NA - Högberg CAMI-20: open-minded and pro-integration (9 items), fear and avoidance (6 items), and community mental health ideology (5 items). - Wolff CAMI-20: fear and exclusion (11 items), social control (6 items), and goodwill (3 items). - Re-specified Wolff scale - Global internal consistency: NA - Subscale internal consistency: NA - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale Test-retest reliability: NA |
Abelha et al. (2015) [36]; Brazil | CAMI-BR (40 items) | Observational | General population from the Rio de Janeiro area (non-probabilistic sample) | 230 | 44.90 (3.31); 68.3% | NA | - Factor structure and number of items: social restrictiveness (10 items), benevolence (10 items), CMHI (10 items), and authoritarism (10 items). - Global internal consistency: α = 0.84. - Subscale internal consistency: - Social restrictiveness: α = 0.76 - Benevolence: α = 0.69 - CMHI: α = 0.81 - Authoritarianism: α = 0.35 - Global test-retest reliability ICC = 0.69 - Subscale test-retest reliability: - Social restrictiveness: ICC = 0.64 - Benevolence: ICC = 0.62 - CMHI: ICC = 0.54 - Authoritarianism: ICC = 0.37 - Validity: NA |
Ochoa et al. (2016) [30]; Spain | CAMI-40 (40 items) | Observational | Elementary school students (non-probabilistic sample). | 150 | 15.23 (0.79); 51.33% | NA | - Global CAMI scores: NA - Factor structure: authoritarianism (10 items), benevolence (10 items), social restrictiveness (10 items), and CMHI (10 items). - Global internal consistency: - First assessment: α = 0.86 - Second assessment α = 0.90 * Data provided by Ochoa et al.32 - Subscale internal consistency: - Authoritarianism: α = 0.27 - Benevolence: α = 0.64 - Social restrictiveness: α = 0.67 - CMHI: α = 0.81 - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale test-retest reliability: - CMHI: ICC = 0.88 - Authoritarianism: ICC = 0.81 - Benevolence: ICC = 0.85 - Social restrictiveness: ICC = 0.81 - Validity: NA |
Grandón et al. (2016) [38]; Chile | CAMI-10 (10 items) | Observational | Two samples of the general population from Concepción (non-probabilistic simple). | 749 (pooling 2 samples) | First sample: 39.13 (12.57); 55.6% Second sample: 41.91 (12.57); 55.7% | NA | - Factor structure: acceptance (5 items) and CMHI (5 items). - Global internal consistency: α = 0.69. - Subscale internal consistency: - Acceptance: α = 0.61 - CMHI: α = 0.66. - Global test-retest reliability: ICC = 0.79 - Sub-scale test-retest reliability: - CMHI: ICC = 0.63 - Authoritarianism: ICC = 0.57 - Benevolence: ICC = 0.39 - Social restrictiveness: ICC = 0.62 - Validity: Factor 1 SDO - factor 1 CAMI (-0.25). Factor 1 SDO – factor 2 CAMI (-0.30). Factor 2 SDO – factor 1 CAMI (-0.25). Factor 2 SDO – factor 2 CAMI (0.16). |
Rubio-Valera et al. (2016) [15]; Spain | CAMI-26 (26 items) | Observational | General population (probabilistic sample). | 1019 | 48.04 (1.25); 51.24% | NA | - Factor structure: authoritarianism (7 items), benevolence (6 items) and support for community mental health ideology (9 items). - Global internal consistency: NA - Subscale internal consistency: - Authoritarism: α = 0.54 - Benevolence: α = 0.63 - Support for community mental health care: α = 0.72 - Global test-retest reliability: NA - Subscale test-retest reliability: NA - Validity: NA |
Garcia et al. (2017) [35]; France | CAMI-26 (26 items) | Observational | Undergraduate nursing students (non-probabilistic) | 268 | NA | NA | - Factor structure: benevolence (7 items), CMHI (5 items), authoritarism (7 items), and restrictiveness (7 items). - Global internal consistency: NA - Subscale internal consistency: NA - Global Test-retest reliability: ICC = 0.79. - Subscale test-retest reliability: - CMHI: ICC = 0.63 - Authoritarianism: ICC = 0.57 - Benevolence: ICC = 0.39 - Social restrictiveness: ICC = 0.62 - Validity: CAMI is related to the housing control scale, RIBS, and MARKS. |
Tong et al (2020) [33]; China | CAMI-20 (20 items) | Observational | Medical students (MS) and primary healthcare workers (PHW) | MS (n = 1,228) PHW (n = 1,092) | MS 20.8 (1.6); 63.4% PHW 36.3 (10.2); 69.6% | NA | - Factor structure: benevolence (5 items), fear and exclusion (8 items), and support and tolerance (7 items). - Global internal consistency: α = 0.82 for the MS α = 0.85 for the PHW - Subscale internal consistency (MS and PHW, respectively): Benevolence: α = 0.79; 0.83 Fear and Exclusion: α = 0.79; 0.85 Support and tolerance: α = 0.74; 0.85 - Global test-retest reliability (MS and PHW): ICC = 0.79; 0.75 - Test-retest reliability of the items: ICCs ranged from 0.29 to 0.61 in MS; 0.45 to 0.74 in the PHW - Validity: - Convergent validity: Correlation with potentially related measures was not assessed. - Discriminant validity: good discriminant validity between subgroups of interest (MS and PHW). |