From a total of 500 stationed immigrants 64 participated giving a response rate of 12.80%. The mean age of the respondents was 36 (SD ± 7.4) years. The majority of the respondents 40(63.50%) were men. Their family status was mostly described as married 58 (92.10%), having two 22 (34.40%) or three 20 (31.30%) children. From the 10 immigrants who stated having relatives in other countries, 7 cases referred to family members i.e. parents, husband or wife and 3 cases involved children left behind. Regarding to the nationality of the immigrants, the majority were self-reported as Syrians 41 (66.40%). Other, referred nationalities were Iraqi, Pakistani, Afghanis, Palestinians and Kurdish. Also, the majority of the immigrants had attended first grade 38, (63.30%) and all immigrants had annual income less than 3,000 Euros.
The average travel time to Greece was approximately 77 days (SD ± 92.89), their waiting period until reallocation to the designated apartments was 92 days (SD ± 789.13), and their mean residence time in the designated apartments was approximately 522 (SD ± 313.13) days. In all cases, there was a large variability with standard deviation approximately equal to the average value and range ranging from 395 days for the time of travel and accommodation to 1525 days for accommodation (Table 1).
Table 1
Time of travel, reallocation and residence (n = 64)
| Mean | Median | S.D. | Range | Min | Max |
Days of travel Greece | 77.73 | 61 | 92.895 | 393 | 2 | 395 |
Stand by time in days | 91.73 | 62 | 89.126 | 394 | 1 | 395 |
Days of residence in the designated apartments | 521.94 | 513 | 313.132 | 1486 | 39 | 1525 |
None of the immigrants was previously deported or had visited Greece in the past. Living conditions were described as bad 29 (46%) or medium 27 (42.90%) and the relations with the local population as medium 53 (84.10%). Living conditions and relation to the local population were dependent to each other (X2 = 44.666, d.f.=4, p < 0.001), under a weak and positive relation (rho = 0.252, p = 0.046).
Depression
The results of PHQ-9 questionnaire showed that most of the sample was categorized as having low depression 21 (32.80%). The categories of moderate and severe depression had the same incidence rates 18 (28.10%) whereas the pathological depression category included only 7 cases (10.90%).
Resilience
The sample exhibited moderate resilience as the mean score was below 60% since mean score value was equal to 59.38 (SD ± 12.75). The subscales showed similar values to the overall mean of the questionnaire except for the "Spiritual Effects" subscale. In this case a high average value of 75.38% was observed.
Trauma
According to their answers, Forced migration 53 (82.81%), destruction, confiscation or theft of property 46 (71.87%), oppression due to ethnicity, religion or Sect. 46 (71.87%), forced internal migration to a lower standard of living 44 (68.75%), illegal research 43 (67.87%) and loss of home 49 (76.56%) were the main traumatic events experienced by the participants. Of the 25 immigrants who described their personal traumatic events in their home country, most reports referred to the bombings in their home country (N = 10), their journey to Greece (N = 6), the loss of their home (N = 4)., the separation from their homeland (N = 4) and their torture (N = 3). In addition, individual reports of migrants described threats due to different religion and occupation (hairdresser) that did not conform to Islamic beliefs. These reports also included illegal detention on the grounds of religion and the separation of children due to immigration. More detailed descriptions of the bombing referred bombs, rockets and bullets exploded near or passed beside them and torture with electric shocks and upside-down hanging. Regarding their living conditions, most reports described poor living conditions in Chios camp (N = 8) and in general (N = 5). There was also an individual reference (N = 1) to the feeling of insecurity due to racist attacks by other ethnic groups in the designated apartments, negative feelings from the locals and the difficulty of adapting to living spaces.
According to their answer in the head injury part of the HTQ, most cases reported was famine 13 (20.30%) with average loss of approximately 14 kg from 9 reported cases. In these cases, weight loss ranged between 6 and 22 kg. Unconsciousness was mainly presented as a result of head blows and a 3-minute case of unconsciousness was reported. Choking was reported 3 cases, and the unconsciousness time loss was 2.30 and 120 minutes. PTSD syndrome was found in 35 cases (54.70%) and the most frequent tortures that reported were sleep deprivation 39 (60.93%), exposure to rain or cold 36 (56.25%), exposure to continuous and intense noise 35 (54.68%), exposure to excessive heat and intense sunshine or bright light 35 (54.68%).
Association between indexes
Index PHQ-9 was correlated positively with PTSD index (p = 0.652, p < 0.001) and negative with CDRISC (p = -0.256, p = 0.041). PTSD index was negatively correlated with CDRISC index (p = -0.443, p < 0.001). Multiple regression revealed that depression acts as an aggravating factor, while resilience reduces trauma symptoms with the help of a statistically significant model (F = 31.301, d.f.=2,63, p < 0.001),of medium interpretability (R2 = 0,506). Age was found as a depression reducing factor but under a statistically significant model (F = 4.961, d.f.=1,49, p = 0.031), with low interpretability (R2 = 0,094).