| | | | Milrinone | Control | Milrinone | Control | Milrinone | Control | Milrinone | Control |
Biddle 1987[1] | Randomized, open-label trial | 5 | Patients with stable NHYA class III or IV CHF. | 40 | 39 | 35/5 | 36/3 | 61 | 60 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 or 75 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5-1.0 µg/kg.min. | Dobutamine: continuous infusion at incremental doses of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 µg/kg.min. |
Karlsberg 1996[2] | Randomized, open-label, parallel trial | 6 | Patients with CHF following AMI. | 16 | 14 | 10/6 | 8/6 | 60 ± 3.4 | 66 ± 2.3 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.25–0.75 µg/kg.min. | Dobutamine: continuous infusion at doses of 2.5, then titrated by increments of 2.5–15 µg/kg.min. |
Doolan 1997[3] | Randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial | 1 | Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35% and/or MPAP ≥ 20 mmHg before withdrawal of cardiopulmonary bypass. | 15 | 15 | 14/1 | 14/1 | 65 ± 10.4 | 67 ± 8.6 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. | Placebo: bolus of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. |
Hamada 1999[4] | Randomized, controlled trial | 1 | Patients for elective cardiac surgery, 22 CABG and 8 prosthetic valve replacement. | 10 | 20 | 6/4 | 13/7 | 66.2 ± 8.1 | Amrinone 66.1 ± 11 Controls 62.4 ± 6.5 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50µg/kg. | Amrinone: loading dose of 1 mg/kg. Control: No drug. |
Siostrzonek 2000[5] | Randomized, open-label trial | 1 | Mechanically ventilated ICU patients with catecholamine- dependent heart failure. | 10 | 10 | 3/7 | 4/6 | 58 ± 15 | 66 ± 9 | Milrinone: continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min added to catecholamine therapy. | Control: catecholamine therapy without milrinone. |
Feneck 2001[6] | Randomized, open-label trial | 6 | Patients with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery. | 60 | 60 | 33/27 | 38/22 | 63.9 (1.2) | 64.4 (1.1) | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. | Dobutamine: continuous infusion of 10, then titrated by increments of 15–20 µg/kg.min. |
Cuffe 2002[7] OPTIME-CHF study | Randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial | 78 | Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, who requiring inotropic therapy (eg, for shock, metabolic acidosis, or severe hypotension). | 477 | 472 | 306/171 | 371/101 | 66 (14) | 65 (15) | Milrinone: continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. | Placebo (Saline): continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. |
Möllhoff 2002[8] | Randomized, double-blinded trial | 1 | Hemodynamically stabe patients with left ventricular function < 40%, and scheduled for elective CABG surgery. | 15 | 15 | 14/1 | 11/4 | 62 ± 12 | 68 ± 7 | Milrinone: continuous infusion of 0.375 µg/kg.min. | Nifedipine: continuous infusion of 0.2 µg/kg.min. |
Aranda 2003[9] | Randomized, open-label trial | 1 | Patients with heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation who requiring inotropic therapy. | 19 | 17 | 10/7 | 17/2 | 61 ± 8 | 54 ± 9 | Milrinone: continuous infusion of 0.25 µg/kg.min, then titrated by 0.125–0.75 µg/kg.min. | Dobutamine: continuous infusion of 2.5, then titrated by increments of 2.5–10 µg/kg.min. |
Al-Shawaf 2006[10] | Randomized open-label trial | 1 | Type 2 diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery for coronary artery disease. | 16 | 14 | 15/2 | 13/1 | 58 ± 10 | 61 ± 11 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.3–0.5 µg/kg.min. | Levosimendan: loading dose of 12 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.1–0.2 µg/kg.min. |
Lee 2006[11] | Randomized open-label trial | 1 | Patients scheduled for OPCAB with right ventricular ejection fraction < 35%. | 24 | 26 | 20/4 | 20/6 | 63 ± 8 | 62 ± 8 | Milrinone; continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min throughout the OPCAB procedures. | Control (saline): continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min throughout the OPCAB procedures. |
Brackbill 2007[12] | Randomized, open-label trial | 1 | Hemodynamically stable patients with ejection fractions ≤ 35% undergoing CABG surgery. | 20 | 20 | 16/4 | 17/3 | 62.1 ± 15.1 | 65.8 ± 11.8 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.375 µg/kg.min. | Nesiritide: loading dose of 2 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.01 µg/kg.min. |
Couture 2007[13] | Randomized open-label trial | 1 | Patients undergoing CABG with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. | 25 | 25 | 19/6 | 19/6 | 67 ± 8 | 70 ± 7 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. | Placebo (saline): loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. |
De Hert 2007[14] | Randomized, observer-blinded trial | 1 | Patients with ejection fraction ≤ 30% scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. | 15 | 15 | 10/5 | 10/5 | 69 ± 10 | 67 ± 11 | Milrinone: continuous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg.min. | Levosimendan: lcontinuous infusion of 0.1mg/kg.min. |
Jebeli 2010[15] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | 1 | Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% undergoing CABG. | 35 | 35 | 25/10 | 28/7 | 56.9 ± 9.7 | 58.2 ± 8.4 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min for 24 hours. | Placebo (saline): loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min for 24 hours. |
Hadadzadeh 2013[16] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial | 1 | Patients with ejection fraction < 35% scheduled for elective OPCAB. | 40 | 40 | 31/9 | 26/14 | 61.9 ± 10.71 | 63 ± 9.6 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. | Placebo (Saline): loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min. |
Wang 2015[17] | Randomized, non-blinded study | 1 | Patients with severe sepsis. | 60 | 30 | 38/22 | 20/10 | 38 (20–57) 34 (21–60) | 33.5 (23–60) | Milrinone: loading dose of 30 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.375-0.5 µg/kg.min. | Control: Conventional management. |
Mishra 2016[18] | Randomized open-label trial | 1 | Patients undergoing valve replacement with pulmonary artery hypertension and left ventricular dysfunction. | 20 | 20 | N/A | N/A | 43.7 ± 13.1 | 37.3 ± 11.7 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.5 µg/kg.min for 24 hours. | Levosimendan: loading dose of 10 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.1 µg/kg.min for 24 hours. |
Eskandr, 2018[19] | Randomized, double-blinded, controlled study | 1 | Patients had systolic pulmonary arterial pressure ≥ 60 mmHg and were scheduled for elective mitral valve replacement. | 20 | 20 | 7/13 | 6/14 | 29.7 ± 3.8 | 28.5 ± 3.7 | Milrinone: loading dose of 50 ug/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.25–0.75 µg/kg.min. | Dobutamine and nitroglycerin: Dobutamine continuous infusion of 5–20 µg/kg/min and nitroglycerin continuous infusion of 0.5-3 µg/kg/min. |
Mathew 2021[20] DOREMI study | Randomized, double-blind trial | 1 | Patients had cardiogenic shock stage B, C, D, or E. | 96 | 96 | 60 | 62 | 68.9 ± 13.8 | 72.0 ± 11.3 | Milrinone: continuous infusion of 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, 0.500, > 0.500 µg/kg.min for stage 1–5. | Dobutamine: continuous infusion of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, > 10.0 µg/kg.min for stage 1–5. |