The results of analysis of variance showed that the average Period of initial growth characters (spawn run, Pin-head, fruit body formation and Production cycle) of oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii is presented in Fig. 1. The spawn run of mycelium shows a statistically significant difference which was in T5, T6 and T8 required longer time to complete colonization period compare with less period in T1, T2 and T9. While the highest period of pin-head value was obtained in T8, T5 and T9 than lower Period to formation of pin head in T4,T1 and T3. Showed the significant difference in term of period of fruit body (fruiting), The earliest period was recorded from T1, T3 and T4 than the other substrate such as T2 and T7. The results in Fig. 1. showed that the longer period of crop cycle (day) significantly was in T1 compare with other combination substrate which recoded less in T7, T8 and T6.
Most of the experimental treatments took between 44 to 74 day from spawn run (complete colonization) to maturation of mushroom fruiting body. After that, mushrooms became ready for picking from 89 to 32 day. This variation in time periods may be due to the variation in chemical and physical traits of substrates (N%, Protein %, Cho%, Ash %, Fiber %,O.M %, O.C %, C:N Ratio, Water content % and Porosity %) Table 2. However, the results of this study were similar to some previous studies, such as Hoa et al. (2015) and Mkhize et al. (2017).
Table 3. analysis shows a statistically significant difference in term of yield characters oyster mushroom (fruit number, fruit mean, number flash, mean flash, total yield, Bio efficiency ) yield is one of the main purposes of mushroom cultivators, the yield as recorded in T2 (Corn cobs 100%), T1 (Date palm waste 100%), T7 (Date palm waste 80%+Corn husks 20%) and T8 (Corn cobs 80%+Corn husks 20%) the maximum mushroom yield reached (293.0 280.7, 268.7 and 264.0 g kg− 1 substrate) and this yield was significantly different to those found from the other substrate combinations. Bioeffeincy Significant different compared with other combination substrate, In general, substrates of Corn cobs and gave the higher yield also gave the higher value of Bioeffeincy. Whereas, mushroom yield of Date palm waste and Common reed substrate, which came in second, as well as the Bioeffeincy. As for the supplementation of substrate did not produced promotion of yield, compared to substrate with out supplement.
Table 3
Yield attributes of mushroom Pleurotus eryngii grown on Agro-Waste substrates
Treatment | No. fruit | Mean. Flash g | No. flash | Mean. fruit g | Total. yeild g kg− 1 | Bio efficiency % |
T1 | 4.0 a | 93.56 a | 3.00 a | 70.17 a | 280.7 a | 61.68 bcd |
T2 | 4.0 a | 97.67 a | 3.00 a | 73.25 a | 293.0 a | 105.78 a |
T3 | 4.0 a | 116.25 a | 2.00 ab | 58.12 a | 232.5 ab | 65.10 bcd |
T4 | 2.667 ab | 86.56 a | 2.667 ab | 86.56 a | 228.3 ab | 51.04 cd |
T5 | 3.0 a | 100.44 a | 2.333 ab | 77.00 a | 231.0 ab | 75.60 abc |
T6 | 1.333 b | 87.00 a | 1.667 b | 118.17 a | 139.3 b | 37.77 d |
T7 | 3.333 a | 102.83 a | 2.667 ab | 81.50 a | 268.7 a | 60.06 bcd |
T8 | 3.333 a | 88.00 a | 3.00 a | 79.22 a | 264.0 a | 86.40 ab |
T9 | 2.667 ab | 94.72 a | 2.333 ab | 86.67 a | 221.7 ab | 60.08 bcd |
C.V% | 17.3 | 14.0 | 17.1 | 28.2 | 16.5 | 16.6 |
Means with the same columns followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to tukey’s multiple range test. |
The three type of substrates (Date palm wastes, Corn cobs and Common reed) gave the approaching result between them, so that ability of oyster mushroom to grow successfully on the substrate of Date palm waste and Common reed substrate may be associated with the chemical composition and physical proprties of selected substrates that important for growth of this mushroom. The result was confirmed with the finding of Owaid et al. (2018) and in harmony with the value reported by Mkhize et al. (2016).
Conclusions
Agricultural waste materials is generally used for mushroom cultivations. Date palm wastes, Corn cobs, and Common reed and two type of enrichments Supplement (Rice husks and Corn seeds husks) possess suitable of physical and chemical properties (N%, Protein %, Cho%, Ash %, Fiber %,O.M %, O.C %, C:N Ratio, Water content % and Porosity %) and less cost compared to other plant residues. Based on the obtained results, Date palm wastes and Common reed with two type of enrichments Supplement (Rice husks and Corn seeds husks) with or mixture shortened the total growth compared to the Corn cobs. Date palm wastes as the substitution for Corn cobs as well as shortened number in crop cycle. The oyster mushrooms grown in the substrate with Rice husks and Corn seeds husks From these results, we concluded that Date palm wastes, Corn cobs and Common reed can be used as the base material for the oyster mushroom cultivation without supplements. In future, the investigation of Date palm wastes and anthers species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp) could be applied in Iraq and other countries, in order to spread and expanded their usage.