From the recent times, nanotechnology emerged as a re- search ground where various materials are being created at nanoscale dimensions. Nanoparticles (NPs) are large groups of substances containing at least one dimension of particulate matter less than 100 nm and these NPs can obtain shape as three dimensional (3D), two dimensional (2D), one dimensional (1D), zero dimensional (0D) (1–3). It has been found that physiochemical properties of a substance like the optical properties can be manipulated by using different sized material to incorporate into NPs. Gold NPs (Au) is of distinctive wine red color; platinum (Pt) of yellowish grays color; silver (Ag) of black color and palladium (Pp) of dark black color. NPs are the complex molecules consist of three surface layers as given below:
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The Surface layer that can interact with a number of small molecules, ions of carbon, surfactants and polymers.
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The layer of shell that is chemical and non-core material, all things, and
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The kernel that is basically the main part of the NP that is commonly referred to as the NP itself (4); such technologies also had tremendous appeal in multidisciplinary areas, due to these extraordinary characteristics.
To order to create modern man-sized products, nanotechnology reflects architecture, development and application of products at chemical, molecular and macromolecular scales (5).
For thousands of years, NPs have been used without any prior knowledge like the gold NPs which have been used to dye drinking glasses and also to even cure other health ailments. Through utilizing sophisticated methods, researchers have slowly been able to examine the form-and size-dependent physical and chemical properties of NPs. Metal NPs have recently been investigated for numerous applications in biomedical, biological, economic, and physiochemical fields (6, 7). In the past times gold NPs has been widely used in specific drug delivery like doxorubicin, methotrexate and paclitaxe (8). In various diagnostic functions gold NPs have been utilized via photo thermal therapy and photo imaging in order to detect diseases and disorders. Through the imaging technology and drug-gene delivery therapy as the iron (Fe) NPs were used to detect various health ailments like tumor, hyperthermia, targeting and immunoassays, cell labeling and in detoxification of biological fluids (9, 10). Similarly in multiple biomedical purposes like anticancer, antimicrobial, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory and applications Ag Nps reported to be used (11). Likewise Zinc and titanium NPs have been used for numerous cutting-edge processing applications owing to their non toxic, biocompatible, self-cleaning, skin care, antimicrobial actions in biomedicine, cosmetic, ultraviolet (UV) rays protecting agents (12, 13). Nasrollahzadeh et al., (2015) (14) and Momeni et al., (2015) (15)reported that in polymers, energy storage devices, optical restricting systems, and, plasmonic wave guides various NPs of palladium and copper is being used. Waki et al. (2015) (16) reported that in the spatial analysis of several biomolecules which includes fatty acids, metabolites, peptides, lipids, glycosphingolipids, nucleic acids, and drug molecules, metal nanoparticles have been incorporated to get the highest spatial resolution. Furthermore, the special features of NPs made them ideal for different kinds of sensors like biosensors and electrochemical sensors (17). So far to identify mercury, algal contaminants, and mycobacterium in drinking water a nano-sensor is built (18) as well as the nanosensors were used to identify plant bugs, pathogens, soil nutrient rates and stress factors while they have been created for the sensing of oxygen and auxin delivery. According to Simões (2017) (19), many substances and processes in nature vary functionally from macroscale to nanoscale which can lead us to initiate the formation of NPs and nano-devices via to mimic and manufacture them. The word "biomimetics", a term invented by Otto Schmitt in 1957, is biologically based creation, modification or created from nature. The concept bio-mimetics is somewhat recent, but the design and creation of different materials and equipment was pursued by our ancestors several centuries ago (20). Knowing the roles of various artifacts and processes like microbes, spider webs, seashells etc will direct us through nanoparticles and nanodevices such as the biological molecular motor which is an example of bacterial flagella which rotates around 10,000 rpm (21). The bearing diameter is about 20–30 nm, with a clearance measured at 1.5 nm and motion in the biological motor is due to the variations in electrochemical potential crossways the membrane. Molecules started to assemble into intricate life-supporting systems more than few billion years ago as for the sustenance solar energy is being harness by plants via the cells which ranges from nanometer to the micrometer scales and this natural phenomenon is being utilized in the production of solar energy using semi-conductor photovoltaic plates in order to convert light energy to electricity. Many natural surfaces are considered to be super hydrophobic, the appearance of wax coating and self-cleaning owing to symmetrical roughness (micro bumps superimposed with nanostructure) (22). Various application processes needs to reduce the drag like in exterior paints for buildings, roof tiles, textiles, self-cleaning windows, and navigation ships so super hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces are of interest to be applied through in micro/nanofluids (23).