Anthropometric characteristics and biochemical parameters of the study subjects
Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters of the study subjects are revealed in Table 1. No significant difference was found in the age, potassium, gender, HDL-C, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, BUN, sodium, and creatinine among the participants. In contrast, BG, CPK-MB, TC, LDL-C, and Troponin I levels showed a significant increase in the CAD subjects in compare with control subjects (mean of control group Trop I = 93.38 ng/ml, mean of CAD subjects Trop I mean = 11753 ng/ml).
Table 1
Anthropometric characteristics and biochemical parameters of the study subjects.
Variables
|
Control
(n = 42)
|
Case
(n = 42)
|
P-value
|
Age (year)
|
59.76 ± 12.38
|
64.69 ± 12.46
|
0.065
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
25.58 ± 3.35
|
25.56 ± 3.48
|
0.981
|
Gender [male (%)]
|
51.28
|
48.78
|
0.853
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
122.62 ± 14.09
|
126.74 ± 15.49
|
0.231
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
75.35 ± 19.20
|
77.02 ± 16.49
|
0.579
|
BG (mg/dL)
|
107.71 ± 28.95
|
125.6 ± 27.06
|
0.004
|
TC (mg/dL)
|
139.88 ± 41.54
|
168.17 ± 39.73
|
0.02
|
TG (mg/dL)
|
145.48 ± 78.33
|
153.43 ± 107.31
|
0.613
|
HDL (mg/dL)
|
57.19 ± 10.91
|
55.95 ± 16.28
|
0.778
|
LDL (mg/dL)
|
56.02 ± 38.59
|
81.53 ± 35.46
|
0.003
|
CPK- MB (µg/l)
|
9.74 ± 4.33
|
17.64 ± 9.81
|
< 0.0001
|
Trop I (ng/l)
|
93.38 ± 73.07
|
11753 ± 17555.72
|
< 0.0001
|
BUN (mg/dl)
|
18.31 ± 0.77
|
20.17 ± 0.93
|
0.131
|
Creatinine (mg/dl)
|
0.898 ± 0.02
|
1.029 ± 0.03
|
0.08
|
Sodium (mEq/L)
|
139.58 ± 0.58
|
140.95 ± 0.53
|
0.212
|
Potassium (mEq/L)
|
4.01 ± 0.06
|
4.14 ± 0.07
|
0.178
|
BG, blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; CPK- MB, Creatine phosphokinase-MB; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; Trop I, Troponin I.
|
Table 2
Coefficients of the multivariable logistic regression analysis for the existence of CAD.
|
OR
|
95% confidence interval
|
P-value
|
TNF-α
|
0.988
|
0.977–0.998
|
0.027
|
IL-6
|
1.101
|
1.038–1.233
|
0.025
|
IL-32
|
1.23
|
1.093–1.465
|
0.004
|
HDL
|
0.97
|
0.867–1.063
|
0.536
|
LDL
|
0.948
|
0.891–0.989
|
0.038
|
ox-LDL
|
1.113
|
1.041–1.222
|
0.008
|
IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-32 serum levels in the control and CAD group
TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32 serum levels in the CAD subjects were significantly increased by 2.55, 3.32, and 3 -fold than the control subjects, respectively (Fig. 4A-B: TNF-α; P = 0.0029, IL-6; P < 0.0001, and IL-32; P < 0.0001).
The utility of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32 serum levels in predicting CAD
The potential of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32 serum levels for diagnosis of CAD was examined by ROC curve analysis. Our data showed an almost good ability for differentiation among disease status and controls using TNF-α (Area = 0.716 (0.602–0.829), P = 0.001), IL-6 (Area = 0.905 (0.838–0.971), P < 0.0001), and IL-32 (Area = 0.783 (0.681–0.886), P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2A-C).
Association between TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32 serum levels with the clogged arteries number in the CAD group
CAD-positive subjects were divided into two groups according to the cardiologists҆ medical report: CAD-positive subjects with cardiac arterial stenosis in one major vessel (group A) and CAD-positive subjects with cardiac arterial stenosis in more than one major vessels (group B). TNF-α and IL-32 serum levels in the CAD subjects suffering from cardiac arterial stenosis in one major vessel were significantly increased by 2.94 and 1.7-fold than CAD subjects with cardiac arterial stenosis in more than one major vessels, respectively (Fig. 3A and 3D: TNF-α; P = 0.009 and IL-32; P < 0.024). But there was no significant difference in IL-6 serum levels with the number of clogged arteries in the CAD subjects (Fig. 3B: P = 0.499).
Independence of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32, LDL and ox-LDL serum levels in predicting CAD
Multivariate logistic regression analysis can be used to estimate odds ratios for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32 serum levels in predicting CAD. Multiple logistic regression analyses suggested that TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-32, LDL and ox-LDL serum levels were independently related to the presence of CAD, while HDL serum levels were not. Our multivariate logistic regression model confirmed that TNF-α (OR = 0.988, 95% CI 0.977–0.998, P = 0.027), IL-6 (OR = 1.107, 95% CI 1.052–1.189, P = 0.002), IL-32 (OR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.028–1.169, P = 0.009), LDL (OR = 0.948, 95% CI 0.891–0.989, P = 0.038), and ox-LDL (OR = 1.113, 95% CI 1.041–1.222, P = 0.008) were proved to be independent predictors of CAD.
Correlation between IL-32 serum levels with TNF-α and IL-6 in CAD subjects
IL-32 serum levels did not show a correlation with TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels in CAD subjects (Fig. 4A-B). Also, serum levels of IL-6 had not a correlation with TNF-α serum levels in CAD subjects (Fig. 4C).