The Effect of Propolis Addition Into Laying Hen Diet on Performance, Serum Lipid Profile and Liver Fat Rate

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1792056/v1

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The Effect of Propolis Addition Into Laying Hen Diet on Performance, Serum Lipid Profile and Liver Fat Rate

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1792056/v1

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis (P) on performance egg quality parameters, serum lipid profile, some liver enzymes and liver fat ratio.. 120 Lohmann (LSL) laying hens were divided into 5 groups and each group consisted of 6 subgroups. The control group was fed basal diet. The other groups were fed high-energy diets to induce fatty liver, and 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg propolis were supplemented to high-energy feeds, respectively. During the eight-week trial, feed and water were given as adlibitum.

It was determined that egg production and feed convertion ratio were decreased in the high-energy feed group without the addition of propolis. The highest egg production was found in HE + 100 mg/kg P and HE + 200 mg/kg P groups. It was found that liver fat ratio were higher in the group fed with HE + 0 mg/kg P feed (P < 0.01) than other groups. But the addition of P decreased the liver fat rate significantly. The highest VLDL, TG and LDL values were found for HE + 0 mg/kg P group. The addition of 200 mg/kg propolis to high-energy feed increased GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx values.

Conclusion, high-energy feed adversely affected egg production and liver fat ratio, but the addition of 100 or 200 mg/kg propolis improved egg production and decreased liver fat ratio.

Liver fat ratio

Performance

Propolis

Triglyceride

VLDL

In order to meet the egg requirement, which has an important place in human nutrition, caged layer hen is widely practiced today. In caged layers, the amount of product obtained is high because more animals are housed in the unit area. However, this situation causes some problems such as fatty liver syndrome. Because, in laying hens raised in cages, due to the restriction in the movement area and the high energy value of the feeds, fat can occur in the liver. "Fatty liver", which is called hepatosteatosis in medical language, means excessive accumulation of fat in liver cells. Fatty liver is a disease characterized by an accumulation of fat in the abdominal cavity and a decrease in egg production. The disease causes shrinkage of eggs in laying hens, a drop of 45% in egg production within a few days, and subsequent deaths (Crespo et al., 2003). It was reported that the amount of liver fat is significantly affected by dietary fat (Butler, 1976).

This disease, which is associated with the feeding of bird with high energy feed, is most common during the summer period. The liver is usually enlarged, pale, and fragile.

Although there is no known method for the treatment of fatty liver syndrome, its development can be prevented by the use of lipotropic agents such as vitamin E, vitamin B12 and choline chloride.

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from leaves, stems and buds of various plants, mixed with bee enzymes, pollen and wax. Propolis is composed of many components, primarily polyphenol components, such as phenolic acids, esters, phenolic aldehydes and ketones. The antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of propolis have been proven in scientific studies. In addition, its protective effect on liver has been reported by many researchers (Bhadauria et al., 2009; Kısmet et al., 2008; Paulino et al., 2014; Wali et al., 2015; Omar et al., 2016). Most of the biological effects of propolis are related to its antioxidant capacity.

To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the effect of propolis on fatty liver in laying hens. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of propolis supplementation on performance, liver fat ratio, egg quality and some antioxidant enzymes in laying hens fed with high energy feed.

2.1. Experimental animals and experimental design

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis on performance and fatty liver in laying hens. Laying hens were fed with high-energy feed (2850 kcak/kg) to induce fatty liver. 120 Lohmann (LSL) white laying hens at the age of 70 weeks were used. The animals were divided into 5 groups and each group consisted of 6 subgroups. The birds were placed in four-storey battery cages (60 * 59 * 61 cm) with six animals in each subgroup. The first group was the control group and they were fed with basal feed (Table 1), while the other groups were fed with feeds that added 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg / kg propolis to high energy feeds, respectively. During the eight-week trial, feed and water were given as adlibitum. The propolis used in the ration was obtained from a commercial company.

Table 1

Composition of feeds used in the trial (%).
Item	Basal diet (control)	High energy diet
Corn 8.5	63	64.67
Soybean meal 44–46	16.39	13.50
Corn gluten 60	8.48	10.64
Limestone	9.68	7.65
DCP 18	1.44	1.44
Soybean oil	0.17	1.68
Vitamin-Mineral mixture¹	0.25	0.25
Salt	0.22	0.33
Sodium bicarbonate	0.16	0.16
L-Lysine	0.11	0.10
D-L Methionine %99	0.10	0.08
Calculated composition (%)
Dry matter	88.41	88.24
Crude protein	17.52	17.48
Ether extracte	2.20	3.84
Crude ash	11.87	10.95
Crude fiber	2.78	2.97
D Methionine	0.38	0.38
Methionine	0.40	0.41
Lysine	0.76	0.70
ME Kkal/Kg	2726	2850
Analysed composition (%)
Dry matter	88.78	88.00
Crude protein	17.12	17. 34
Ether extracte	2.43	3.63
Crude ash	11.24	11.45
Crude fiber	3.18	3.29
¹Per kg diet added : 12 000 IU vitamin A; 2 500 IU vitamin D3; 30 IU vitamin E; 4 mg vitamin K3; 3 mg vitamin B1; 6 mg vitamin B2; 30 mg niasin; 10 mg calcium D-pantothenate; 5 mg vitamin B6; 0.015 mg vitamin B12; 1 mg folic acid; 0.050 mg D-biotin; 50 mg vitamin C; 300 mg choline chloride; 80 mg manganase; 60 mg iron; 60 mg zinc; 5 mg copper; 0.5 mg cobalt; 0.2 mg iodine; 0.15 mg selenium.

Table 1

2.2.Performance Analysis

Feed consumption, egg production, egg weight and feed convertion ratio (kg feed/ kg egg) values of the birds were determined with the measurements made every two weeks. Likewise, egg quality criteria such as shell thickness, breaking strength, white ratio, yellow ratio, shell ratio, shape index and Haugh unit were determined by the measurements made every two weeks.

2.3. Blood parameters analysis

At the end of the experiment, blood samples taken from the vein of one animal from each subgroup (n = 6) into heparinized tubes were centrifuged (3000 rpm for 10 minutes), and the samples were stored at -80 ° C.

SOD activity (Sun et al., 1988), GSH level (Tietze, 1969), MDA level (Yoshioka et al., 1979), GPx activity (Matkovics et al., 1988) CAT activity (Goth, 1991), TP levels (Lowry, 1951) and NEFA levels in plasma (Biont Chicken NEFA ELISA Kit, Cat No: YLA0179CH) were measured with Biotek Elisa Reader (Bio Tek µQuant MQX200 Elisa reader / USA). TP levels were used to calculate the SOD and GPx activity. Plasma cholesterol,glucose, LDL, HDL, VLDL, AST, ALT and TG values were analyzed in a special laboratory.

At the end of the experiment, one animal from each subgroup was slaughtered, liver wet weights were determined (n = 6), then brought to the laboratory and dried at 105 ° C and their dry weights were determined. Then, the fat ratio was determined by ether extraction in the dried samples (Kutlu, 2008).

2.4.Statistical Analyses

Performance values, egg quality criteria, some blood parameters and antioxidant enzyme values variance analysis were performed by the General Linear Model procedure, and the importance controls of the important data were performed using the SPSS 17 package program.. Differences between groups were foun d by Duncan multiple comparison test.

The values of the feed consumption, egg weight, egg production and feed conversion ratio of the experimental groups are given in Table 2.

Table 2

The effect of propolis on the performance of laying hens consuming high-energy feed
Groups	Feed Consumption (g)	Egg Weight (g)	Egg Production (%)	Feed Convertion Ratio (g:g)
Control	115.01b	61.58	79.97b	2.35b
HE + 0 mg/kg P	110.26b	61.46	71.51c	2.62a
HE + 100 mg/kg P	127.16a	61.67	87.19a	2.38b
HE + 200 mg/kg P	128.88a	63.29	86.33a	2.39b
HE + 300 mg/kg P	109.44b	60.53	68.57c	2.77a
SE	2.61	0.35	1.95	0.06
P	*	ns	**	*
a-c: The averages shown with different letters in the same column are different from each other. HE: high energy, P: Propolis, Control: Basal fed group, HE + 0 mg/kg P: High energy fed group + 0 mg/kg propolis, HE + 100 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 100 mg/kg propolis, HE + 200 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 200 mg/kg propolis, HE + 300 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 300 mg/kg propolis, SE: Standard error, Ns:Not significant, :P < 0.05, *:P < 0.01

No significant difference was found between the control group, the HE + 0 mg / kg propolis group and the 300 mg / kg propolis groups in terms of feed consumption. However, it was determined that adding 200 and 200 mg / kg propolis to feed increased feed intake significantly (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of egg weight. It was determined that egg production was significantly lower in HE + 0 mg / kgP and HE + 300 mg / kg P groups compared to the control group, but the addition of 100 and 200 mg / kg propolis to a high-energy diet significantly increased egg production (P < 0.01). In the HE + 0 mg / kg P and HE + 300 mg / kg P groups, the degree of feed convertion ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.05).

It has been reported that propolis has antioxidative, anti-mutagenic and immunomodulatory properties and these properties are due to its rich flavonoid, phenolic acid and terpenoid content (Prytzyk et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2003.).The antioxidant properties of propolis are thought to be the cause of the increase in egg production and feed convertion ratio. In addition, the increase in feed consumption has been attributed to the aroma and anti-lipidemic effect of propolis. Similarly this study, Galal et al. (2008) reported that the addition of propolis to laying hen rations increased feed consumption, egg production, egg weight and improved feed efficiency. El-Neney and Awadien (2014) reported that layers fed diets supplemented with different levels of propolis (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg) significantly improved feed efficiency per hen, egg production, egg weight and egg mass. It has been reported that the addition of 1 g/kg propolis in Japanese quails (Denli et al., 2005) and 2 g /kg propolis in ducks improved feed convertion ratio (Abdel-Rahman and Mosaad 2013). Abdel-Kareem and El-Sheikh (2017) found that adding different levels of propolis to laying hen feed did not affect feed intake but increased egg production and feed conversion ratio. Contrary to these studies, Belloni et al. (2015) reported that as the level of dietary propolis content (1.0–3.0%) in the layer's diet increased feed intake decreased. They suggested that this decrease in feed consumption may be due to the aroma of propolis.

Table 2

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of values of egg quality criteria such as albumen ratio, yellow ratio, shell ratio, Hough Unit, shell breaking strength and shell thickness (Table 3).

Table 3

The effect of propolis on egg quality of laying hens consuming high-energy feed.
Groups	Albumen (%)	Yolk (%)	Egg shell (%)	Haugh Unit	Shell breaking strength (kg cm2)	Shell thickness (µm)
Control	61.25	28.66	10.09	80.21	2.40	0.449
HE + 0 mg/kg P	57.45	31.91	10.63	83.55	2.11	0.472
HE + 100 mg/kg P	56.57	32.23	11.19	83.58	3.21	0.481
HE + 200 mg/kg P	58.16	31.37	10.46	85.75	3.15	0.431
HE + 300 mg/kg P	58.45	29.97	11.61	81.03	2.91	0.482
SE	0.60	0.50	0.20	0.90	0.26	0.008
P	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
a-c: The averages shown with different letters in the same column are different from each other. HE: high energy, P: Propolis, Control: Basal fed group, HE + 0 mg/kg P: High energy fed group + 0 mg/kg propolis, HE + 100 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 100 mg/kg propolis, HE + 200 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 200 mg/kg propolis, HE + 300 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 300 mg/kg propolis, SE: Standard error, Ns:Not significant.

Smilarly, it has been reported that the addition of propolis to laying hen rations does not affect the albumen, yolk and egg shell ratio, but increases the hough unit and shell thickness (Galal et al., 2008). Özkök et al. (2013) reported that propolis doses (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 g/kg) had no dietary effect on quality criteria such as Haugh units and Shell thickness. However, Vilela et al. (2012) reported that propolis has a positive effect on the internal content of egg and quality of the egg shell. Abdel-Kareem and El-Sheikh (2017) reported that the addition of 1000 mg/kg propolis to laying hen diets increased weight of yolk and shell, Haugh unit and did not affect albumen weight.

Table 3

The means of wet weight, dry weight and fat ratio of liver are given in Table 4. The lowest values in terms of wet and dry liver weight were determined in the control and HE + 300 mg/kg P groups. The difference between the groups in terms of liver fat ratio was significant (P < 0.01), the highest value was found in the HE + 0 mg / kg P group, while the lowest value was observed in the HE + 300 mg / kg P group. Liver fat ratios of HE + 100 mg/kg P and HE + 200 mg/kg P groups were found to be considerably lower than the HE + 0 mg/kg P group.

Table 4

The effect of propolis on wet weight (g), dry weight (g) and fat ratio (%) of liver of laying hens consuming high-energy feed.
Groups	Wet weight of liver (g)	Dry weight og liver (g)	Fat ratio of liver % (DM)
Control	21.34b	8.16b	25.52c
HE + 0 mg/kg P	32.75a	13.00a	56.66a
HE + 100 mg/kg P	35.02a	10.74a	32.00b
HE + 200 mg/kg P	31.03a	11.26a	28.50b
HE + 300 mg/kg P	25.50b	8.74b	21.00d
SE	1.84	0.82	3.65
P	*	*	**
a-c: The averages shown with different letters in the same column are different from each other. HE: high energy, P: Propolis, Control: Basal fed group, HE + 0 mg/kg P: High energy fed group + 0 mg/kg propolis, HE + 100 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 100 mg/kg propolis, HE + 200 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 200 mg/kg propolis, HE + 300 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 300 mg/kg propolis, SE: Standard error, Ns:Not significant, :P < 0.05, *:P < 0.01

It was determined that the addition of propolis to the diet increased the wet and dry weight of the liver in this study. Similarly, Hassan and Abdulla (2011) found that the addition of 400 mg/kg propolis to broiler diets increased liver weight.

It has been reported that the rate of liver fat exceeds 40% of the dry weight and can even reach 70% in the case of fatty liver (Ivy and Nesheim, 1973). In the present study, it was determined that the liver fat ratio (56.66%) was higher in the group fed with high energy feed (HE + 0% P) compared to the other groups. In many studies conducted in previous years, it was reported that the rate of liver fat increased in animals fed with high-energy feed (Splittgerber et al., 1969; Jensen et al., 1970; Akkılıç and Tanyolaç 1975). Rozenboim et al. (2016) reported that in laying hens fed a high-fat diet, the liver fat rate in young animals was not affected by diet, but the liver fat rate in old animals was lower than in the control group. Unlike mammals, fat synthesis is high in the liver of birds (Hermier, 1997). The liver plays a major role in fat synthesis and metabolism in laying hens. Similar to mammals, in avian species, the digestion and absorption of dietary fat occurs in the small intestine (Tancharoenrat et al. 2014). However, due to the poorly developed intestinal lymphatic system in birds, dietary fatty acids are discharged directly into the portal blood system (instead of the lymphatic system) in the form of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) called portomicrons (Bensadoun and Rothfeld, 1972). Birds' liver becomes more prone to fat accumulation, as most portomicrons travel from the portal blood system to the liver before reaching the rest of the circulation (Cherian et al., 2002).

In the current study, it was determined that adding propolis to the high-energy diet significantly reduced the liver fat ratio compared to the control group. Lin et al. (1997) reported that 30 mg/kg propolis can prevent fatty liver degeneration caused by prolonged alcohol intake in human. Studies on the properties of propolis have shown that its addition to the diet protects liver tissue against the negative effects of various hepatotoxic factors (Banskota et al., 2000; Bazo et al., 2002; Bhadauria et al., 2009)

Table 4

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of ALT, AST, glucose, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. The difference between the groups in terms of VLDL, TG and LDL cholesterol was significant (P < 0.01), with the highest values seen in the HE + 0 mg/ kg P group. It was observed that NEFA level increased significantly in the HE + 300 mg / kg propolis group.

In a study in which different levels of propolis were added to laying hen diets, it was reported that 1000 mg / kg propolis level increased toplam protein level, decreased ALT, AST and cholesterol levels (Abdel-Kareem and El-Sheikh, 2017). Galal et al. (2008) reported that blood triglyceride, cholesterol and ALT levels were significantly reduced in laying hens consuming 100–150 mg/kg propolis. In a study by Attia et al. (2014), it was reported that blood triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced in chickens supplemented with 300 mg/kg propolis continuously for 35 days. The researchers argued that the decrease in these values was beneficial and safe by minimizing the liver function and reducing the harmful effects on the tissues of propolis treatment.

Koya-Miyata et al. (2009) found that propolis (5 mg/kg for 10 days) significantly reduced triglyceride, cholesterol, and NEFA levels in high fat diet mice. Hashem et al. (2013) reported in a study they conducted on rabbits that the addition of 150 mg/kg propolis reduced cholesterol, triglyceride levels, had no effect on LDL cholesterol, and increased HDL cholesterol. Kısmet et al. (2017) reported in their study on mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver that the addition of 100 and 200 mg of propolis to the ration reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, ALT and AST levels in serum.

Table 5

Table 5

The effect of propolis on some blood plasma biochemistry parameters of laying hens consuming high-energy feed.
	Control	HE + 0 mg/kg P	HE + 100 mg/kg P	HE + 200 mg/kg P	HE + 300 mg/kg P	SEM	P
VLDL mg/dl	96.00b	304.50a	157.33b	65.66b	113.66b	26,36	0,020
ALT U/L	3.00^b	7.00^b	3.00	3,66	3,66	0,66	ns
AST U/L	256,6	314,50	218,33	313,33	265	18,92	ns
Glucose mg/dl	257.00	245,50	259,33	288.00	277,66	6,64	ns
Total cholesterol mg/dl	130,9	124.00	70,33	138.00	102.00	11,33	ns
TG mg/dl	419.60b	1323.00a	785.00b	328.66b	568.00b	131,87	*
HDL mg/dl	43.00	35,5	27	49,66	30,66	4,96	ns
LDL mg/dl	100.20b	198.00a	113.33b	48.66b	55.00b	17,52	**
NEFA (ng/L)	0.219b	0.220b	0.221b	0.211b	0.505a	0.035	**
a-c: The averages shown with different letters in the same row in the are different from each other. HE: high energy, P: Propolis, Control: Basal fed group, HE + 0 mg/kg P: High energy fed group + 0 mg/kg propolis, HE + 100 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 100 mg/kg propolis, HE + 200 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 200 mg/kg propolis, HE + 300 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 300 mg/kg propolis, SE: Standard error, Ns:Not significant, :P < 0.05, *:P < 0.01

There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the groups in terms of MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx values (Table 6). The highest Plasma MDA value and the lowest GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx values were detected in the HE + 300mg / kg P group.

Table 6

The effect of propolis on MDA and some enzyme activity of liver of laying hens consuming high-energy feed.
Groups	MDA (nmol/L)	GSH (nmol/L)	SOD (U/L)	CAT (KU/L)	GPx (U/L)
Control	7.64b	2.30b	58.16ab	147.29b	1.47b
HE + 0 mg/kg P	7.34b	2.49a	58.12ab	152.63ab	1.47b
HE + 100mg/kg P	7.84b	2.15c	55.94b	152.83ab	1.46b
HE + 200mg/kg P	7.55b	2.57a	60.12a	162.97a	1.57a
HE + 300mg/kg P	20.39a	1.61d	50.47c	110.09c	1.20c
SEM	1.55	0.10	1.08	5.86	0.038
P	**	**	**	**	**
a-d: The averages shown with different letters in the same column are different from each other. HE: high energy, P: Propolis, Control: Basal fed group, HE + 0 mg/kg P: High energy fed group + 0 mg/kg propolis, HE + 100 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 100 mg/kg propolis, HE + 200 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 200 mg/kg propolis, HE + 300 mg/kg P: High energy fed + 300 mg/kg propolis, SE: Standard error, Ns:Not significant, **:P < 0.01

Contrary to expectations, the MDA value in this study was determined to be the highest in the HE + 300 mg/kg P group, not in the HE + 0% P group. It was observed that MDA levels increased significantly in parallel with the NEFA value in the HE + 300 mg/kg propolis group (Table 5). In fatty liver symptom, overload of non esterated fatty acid (NEFA) level has been reported to trigger reactive oxidative stress formation through mitochondria-dependent oxidation or microsomal enzymes (Kısmet et al. 2017). Contrary to this study, Hashem et al. (2013) reported that the addition of 150 mg/kg propolis reduced MDA level in rabbits.

Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are involved in the enzymatic antioxidant defense system of the body (Arya et al., 2021). While the highest SOD, CAT and GPx values were found in the 200 mg/kg Propolis group, the lowest values were found in the 300 mg/kg propolis group in this study. And the lowest GSH value was determined in the 300 mg/kg propolis group.

On the other hand, Arya et al. (2021) reported in a study they conducted on patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver syndrome that SOD and GPx levels were lower than the control group, and MDA value was higher. Similar to this study, it has been reported that there is a negative correlation between MDA and SOD in some other studies (Koruk et al. 2004: Videla et al.2004).

Table 6

As a result, it was determined that the liver fat ratio increased significantly and egg production decreased in laying hens fed with high energy feed. However, it has been determined that the addition of 200 mg/kg propolis to the high-energy diet increases egg production, significantly reduces the liver fat rate, decreases the amount of LDL and triglycerides, and increases SOD, CAT and GPx activities. Positive effects of propolis have been seen, but more studies are needed

Authors contributions Conceptualization: ŞCB; Material collation: ŞCB, HÜ; Methodology: ŞCB, HÜ, BAY; Statistical analysis: ŞCB; Resources: ŞCB,HÜ, BAY; Supervision: ŞCB; Writing – Original draft preparation: ŞCB; Writing – Review and Editing: ŞCB, HÜ

Funding: This research was funded solely by the authors

Ethics and animal welfare The study was conducted in accordance with the ethics committee principles of Ataturk University Veterinary Faculty (2018/1).

Consent for participation Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent to publish Not applicable.

Competing interest, The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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The Effect of Propolis Addition Into Laying Hen Diet on Performance, Serum Lipid Profile and Liver Fat Rate

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental animals and experimental design

2.3. Blood parameters analysis

3. Results And Discussion

Conclusions

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References

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