The effect of endurance trainings and MitoQ supplementation on cardiac and left ventricular muscle weight
No significant difference was found for cardiac and left ventricular muscle weight between the groups (Fig. 1a, b). A significant main effect of swimming training was found for cardiac weight-to-body weight ratio (CW/BW) (F (1, 23) = 7.357, (26%, p < 0.05) and left ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio (LV/BW) F (1, 23) = 5.071, (20%, p < 0.05) in the ST group when compared to the control group (Fig. 1c, d). The animals from the ST group had a higher CW/BW (p < 0.05)) and LV/BW (p < 0.05) compared to the control group (Fig. 1c, d).
The effect of endurance trainings and MitoQ supplementation on hemodynamic parameters
Swimming training caused a significant increase in the values of heart rate, +dP/dt max, and -dP/dt max indices (max +dP/dt F (1, 23) = 15.207, (40%, p = .001); -dp/dt F (1, 23) = 15.316, (40%, p = .001) plus cardiac rate F (1, 23) = 13.114, (37%, p = .001)) (Fig. 2 a, c, e).
MitoQ supplementation illustrated a significant impact on -dP/dt max indice (F (1, 23) = 5.680, (20%, p = .026); -dp/dt F (1, 24) = 7.472, (24%, p =.012)) in the ST and RT groups, respectively, than in the control group (Fig. 2 a, c).
+dP/dt max, -dP/dt max, and heart rate (P < 0.01) indices were significantly greater in swimming training group than in the control group. Eight weeks of consumption of MitoQ supplement significantly increased -dP/dt max (P < 0.05) in the ST group compared to those in the control group; ±dP/dt max (P < 0.05) diminished in the RT group compared to those in the control group.
Our finding revealed contractility index and tau, as a relaxation index, were improved in all groups but non-significant differences were observed between intervention groups in relation to each other (Fig. 2 b, d).
The effect of swimming training and MitoQsupplementation on PERM1 and SMYD1 gene expression
PERM1 and SMYD1gene expression data displayed significant training effect (PERM1 F (1, 23) = 6.478, (22%, p = .018) (Fig. 3 a); SMYD1 F (1, 23) = 6.594, (22%, p = .017) (Fig. 3 b)), supplement effect (PERM1 F (1, 23) = 116.457, (83%, p = .000 (Fig. 3 a); SMYD1 F (1, 23) = 12.816, (36%, p = .002)(Fig. 3 b)), and interaction effect swimming training × supplement (PERM1 F (1, 23) = 37.682, (62%, p = .000) (Fig. 3 c); SMYD1 F (1, 23) = 4.388, (16%, p = .047 (Fig. 3 d)).
PERM1 (P < 0.05) and SMYD1 (P < 0.05) gene expression significantly increased in trained group, but it had no significant change in the control group. Eight weeks of consumption of MitoQ supplement significantly increased PERM1 (P < 0.001) and SMYD1 (P < 0. 01) gene expression among the animals receiving MitoQ supplementation compared to those in the control group.
The effect of running training and MitoQ supplementation on PERM1 and SMYD1 gene expression
PERM1 and SMYD1 gene expression data revealed significant training effect (PERM1 F (1, 22) = 7.556, (26%, p = .012) (Fig. 4 a); SMYD1 F (1, 22) = 8.440, (39%, p = .001) (Fig. 4 b)), supplement effect (PERM1 F (1, 22) = 14.511, (84%, p = .000 (Fig. 4 a); SMYD1 F (1, 22) = .167, (8%, p = .686(Fig. 4 b)), and interaction effect running training × supplement (PERM1 F (1, 22) = 34.388, (61%, p = .000) (Fig. 4 c); SMYD1 F (1, 22) = 42.370, (66%, p = .000 (Fig. 4 d)).
The expression of PERM1 (P < 0.05) and SMYD1 (P < 0.01) was significantly higher in trained group, but it had no significant change in the control group. Eight weeks of consumption of MitoQ supplement significantly enhanced PERM1 (P < 0.001) gene expression compared to the control group.
The effect of endurance trainings and MitoQ supplementation on PERM1 and SMYD1 gene expression
SMYD1 and PERM1 gene expression data demonstrated significant trainings’effect (PERM1 F (2, 23) = 12.451, (43%, p = .000) (Fig. 5 a); SMYD1 F (2, 23) = 5.999, (27%, p = .006) (Fig.5 b)), supplement effect (PERM1 F (1, 33) = 105.507, (76%, p = .000) (Fig. 5 a); SMYD1 F (1, 33) = .828, (2%, p = .396)(Fig. 5b)), and interaction effect endurance trainings × supplement (PERM1 F (2, 33) = 22.992, (58%, p = .000) (Fig. 5 c); SMYD1 F (2, 33) = 15.366, (48%, p = .000) (Fig. 5 d)).
Training groups experienced a significant increase in PERM1 (P < 0.001) and SMYD1 (P < 0.01) gene expression, but it had no significant change in the control group. Eight-week MitoQ consumption indicated a greater effect on PERM1 (P < 0.001) compared to the control group.