Study design
The study patients were identified from our database of a prospective patient cohort who underwent 18F-FES PET/CT for the assessment of ER status because of recurrent or metastatic breast cancer lesions [31]. The patients’ medical histories and 18F-FDG PET/CT studies performed to identify unsuspected regional nodal disease and/or distant metastases were retrospectively reviewed. Our institutional review board approved this study protocol and waived the requirement for informed consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and our institutional guidelines.
Patients
All eligible patients had ER-positive primary breast cancer with suspected first recurrence at presentation, were enrolled in a previous prospective cohort study to assess 18F-FES PET/CT, and underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT within 60 days before needle biopsy or surgery. Patients were excluded if they had ER-negative or ER-unknown primary breast cancer. The complete selection criteria, setting, location, and dates of the prospective cohort study were previously reported [31]. The patient population used in this study represented a consecutive sample of eligible patients.
18F-FES and 18F-FDG PET/CT procedure
The production of 18F-FES was described previously [33]. PET/CT imaging was performed from the skull base-to-upper thigh using a Discovery PET/CT 690 or 710 scanner (GE Healthcare), 80–100 minutes after intravenous injection of 111–222 MBq (3–6 mCi) of 18F-FES [31]. PET/CT images were reconstructed using the manufacturer-provided iterative algorithm with 4 iterations and 18 subsets.
18F-FDG PET/CT images were obtained from the skull base-to-upper thigh using one of several different PET/CT scanners (Biograph Sensation 16 or Biograph TruePoint 40, Siemens Healthineers; or Discovery PET/CT 690, 690 Elite, or 710, GE Healthcare), 50–70 minutes after intravenous injection of 5.2–7.4 MBq/kg (0.14–0.2 mCi/kg) of 18F-FDG as described in a previous report [34].
Histological assessment
Experienced breast pathologists who were blinded to the results of the 18F-FES PET/CT reviewed core-needle biopsy and surgical samples in accordance with routine standard procedures. Clinical information and other laboratory test results were available to the assessors of the histological examinations. Immunostaining for ER was performed using the 6F11 mouse monoclonal antibody (NCL-ER-6F11, Novocastra Laboratories), as previously described [35]. Semi-quantitative ER receptor expression was evaluated according to the Allred score [36].
Analysis of PET/CT imaging
The recurrent lesion from which a sample was taken for histological examination was selected as the reference lesion for the diagnostic accuracy analysis, as reported previously [31]. Three board-certified nuclear medicine physicians (S.B, J.Y.K, and S.J.N) who were blinded to all patient information including histological diagnosis, independently assessed the 18F-FES PET/CT images in a random sequence. The physicians qualitatively assessed the 18F-FES uptake of reference lesions, as well as up to five additional non-reference lesions in the order of highest intensity relative to background activity [25, 37]. Lesions were interpreted as ER-positive breast cancer when the majority of 18F-FES assessments were positive.
Two board-certified nuclear medicine physicians (H.J.S and D.Y.L) interpreted the 18F-FDG PET/CT images in consensus using a syngo.via image display system (VB20A, Siemens Healthineers), with the images displayed in a random sequence. These two physicians were also blinded to all patient information and the 18F-FES PET/CT images; they only had knowledge of the location of the biopsy sites for 18F-FDG PET/CT image evaluation. The lesions were classified as malignant, equivocal, or benign lesions by qualitative analysis. An 18F‐FDG focus was interpreted as benign when it was related to a non-malignant process or the physiological biodistribution of 18F‐FDG. Focally abnormal 18F‐FDG uptake higher than that of surrounding tissues and that could not be related to non-malignant or physiological uptake was interpreted as malignant. 18F‐FDG uptake that could not be characterized was defined as equivocal [17].
For quantitative analysis, the readers calculated the maximal standardized uptake value (SUV) as SUV = activity (Bq/g)/[injected activity (Bq)/body weight (g)]. The 18F‐FDG SUV results were harmonized across different PET/CT scanners by matching the recovery coefficient profiles without partial volume correction, as described previously [38].
Statistical analysis
All data are presented as median values with interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables, and numbers (%) for categorical variables. A two-sided P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as the threshold for significance. Quantitative parameters were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis H test and categorical data were compared using the McNemar test. All statistical tests were conducted using SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 21, IBM Company). The sensitivity of PET/CT was defined as the probability that a PET/CT result would show positive uptake when the patient had histologically proven recurrent breast cancer. Estimates are presented with 95% Clopper-Pearson exact confidence intervals (CI).