Development of a standardized method to evaluate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-19549/v2

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Development of a standardized method to evaluate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-19549/v2

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Doubts surrounding the potential adverse effects of antimicrobial preservatives have modified the demand of consumers, who increasingly insist on the production of low-level and even preservative-free cosmetics. Protection of the product against microbial contamination is therefore focused on the packaging. This has prompted the emergence of a highly diverse array of so-called “protective”, “overprotective”, and “barrier” packaging. However, these designations are not normalized and the choice of the right packaging adapted to each cosmetic product is still essentially empirical, hazardous, and time consuming. The Cosmetic Valleys cluster has launched a commission to define a complete and experimentally-validated method to classify the level of protection of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination. As reported herein, this required the development a specific bacteriostatic medium that can be used for seven days and an in vitro procedure that reproduces in-use contamination and consumer practices. Based on tests performed on over 800 packages of different origin and performance characteristics, we propose a classification, divided into six grades, to differentiate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging. This work can be considered as a first step towards a regulatory text.

Applied & Industrial Microbiology

cosmetic packaging

microbial contamination

quality

evaluation

Definition of the target and regulatory context

A “Guideline for the evaluation of physical antimicrobial protection provided by packaging” was developed for the comparison of the performance of commercially available cosmetic packaging, taking into account the physical properties (fluidity) of the potential final formulation and, independently, its composition. This procedure can also be used to compare devices under development, although in this case, the true level of protection would remain relative. The results should be integrated into a microbial risk assessment procedure, as described by ISO 11930 (2019) and ISO 29621 (2017). It is essential that it be possible for the tests to be performed by the packaging and cosmetic industries. Thus, as the staff is normally trained to work under sterile conditions and has access to the necessary equipment, the biological risk of all microbial strains had to be level two or lower (European Community classification, 2005). One of the goals was to also take into account the true practices of the consumer, as they are the principal source of contamination. Thus, a specific in vitro contamination procedure was developed to mimic normal use.

Selected bacterial model

To be economically realistic, it became rapidly apparent that the procedure should provide results using a single model microorganism. In addition to being level two or below, the following key criteria were retained for its selection:

Presence in the microbial library of most industrial sites
Aerobic and easy to grow
Average size to avoid potential under estimation of the protective performance of the packaging
Frequently found in the environment and potentially on human skin
Mobile, so that it can diffuse throughout dead spaces and be detectable

Considering all these elements, the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa was selected. All tests were realized using the strain ATCC® CRM-9027. Equivalent strains CIP® 82.118, NCIMB® 8626, NBRC® 13275, or KCTC® 2513 should also be usable.

Type of packaging and sampling procedure

Predictable low-level non-protective packaging against microbial contamination, such as pots or open tubes, which provide no protection to the contents, were excluded from the study. At the other end of the protection spectrum, hermetic, sterile, single-use packaging, corresponding to pharmaceutical-quality products, was also considered to be out of the scope of the present study.

It was thus decided to develop the present procedure for two types of devices:

Overprotective packaging
Absolute barrier packaging

Given their production mode, it was decided that the tests had to be conducted on a minimum of 50 randomly selected devices to reach reliable statistical values. Before entering into the testing procedure all devices were decontaminated using a technique adapted to their composition (ionization, autoclaving, etc.). All devices were filled under sterile conditions and control sterility tests were performed.

Testing media

Overprotective packaging is not meant to be totally hermetic to contamination. As one of the targets of the protocol was to take into consideration the real “in use” practices of the consumer, it was decided that the contamination procedure should be repeated for at least a week. The contamination level of distributed doses can be measured immediately, but that of the formulation present in the reservoir of the device can only be measured after opening. Given that bacteria can multiply very rapidly, it would be impossible to determine at which time of the test the initial contamination occurred. Thus, it was necessary to develop a bacteriostatic medium for P. aeruginosa. In addition, this bacteriostatic medium had to be supplemented with a reticulation agent to adapt the viscosity, as the performance of the packaging is adapted to the mean fluidity of cosmetic creams.

Barrier packaging should normally block all bacterial contamination, while delivering repeated doses. In this respect, perfectly safe absolute barrier packaging is yet to be developed, but very high efficiency barrier devices, adapted to low protection formulae, have been marketed. Therefore, we tested such packaging using a classical fertile medium for P. aeruginosa. However, such packaging is also designed to be used with cosmetic creams. Thus the classical fertile media had to be formulated using a reticulation agent, as it is normally too fluid.

Contamination procedure

To reproduce normal use of the device, the packaging was exposed to contamination by wiping the nozzle while dispensing a dose on a sterile compress (30 g/m², NF-EN 29073-1) impregnated with bacteria at a concentration of 10⁶ CFU/cm² (Figure 1). This bacterial concentration was selected to be equivalent to the mean bacterial load of human skin (Wilson, 2005). The compress was open to form a 100 x 200-mm rectangle and inserted into a sterile stomacher bag to ensure homogeneous contamination. The bacterial solution (5 mL, 10⁸ CFU/mL) was distributed over the entire surface of the pad and after closure of the bag, the liquid was spread by exerting a gentle pressure from the center to the periphery. This procedure was validated by testing colored media supplemented with phenol red to verify the homogeneous distribution of the solution.

The contamination simulation was conducted over eight days at room temperature, as presented in Table 1. Given that days 1 and 2 were used for carrying out the controls, filling the packaging, and sub-culturing the bacteria, the true simulation procedure started on day 3 by controlling the sterility of the package and exposition to the contaminated pad in the morning and afternoon at 6-h intervals (minimum). Thereafter, the packaging was exposed twice a day at 6 h intervals to the contamination from days 4 to 7, as shown in Figure 1, and two doses were collected. A first dose was also collected on day 3 before the first daily contamination and was used as a control. On day 8, the bacteria in 1 g of delivered medium were enumerated. Then, the packaging was opened under sterile conditions and an aliquot of the formulation remaining in the container was collected and plated on Petri dishes to assess potential contamination that developed in the container.

For determination of the contamination level of the delivered doses, each dose was weighed and diluted 1/10 and 1/100 (w/v) in Eugon LT100 medium (Fisher Scientific) before plating on tryptase soya broth (TSA)-agar solid medium. Eugon LT100 was necessary to neutralize the potential remaining bacteriostatic activity of the medium used to test the overprotective packaging. CFU were counted after 48 to 72 h of incubation at 32.5 ± 2.5°C.

Formulation of the bacteriostatic and fertile media

There are many media available for increasing the cultivability of bacteria. Conversely, bacteriostatic media are rarely available, particularly for a versatile species such as P. aeruginosa. Moreover, although certain media have bacteriostatic activity lasting for 48 or even 72 h (Zwisler laboratorium® medium), we required a medium that remained bacteriostatic over a minimum of seven days to avoid any artefacts in the evaluation of the packaging. Another challenge was the obligation to adapt the fluidity of the medium to be compatible with the mean fluidity of the cosmetic formulations classically employed in the packaging. All compounds also had to be of limited cost and compatible with the safety rules of industrial companies.

Starting from the composition of the Zwisler laboratorium® medium, we performed a series of tests to develop a medium with bacteriostatic activity on P. aeruginosa that lasted for more than one week using media with the basic formula:

DPBS (Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline) (Thermo Fisher) 900 mL
Glycerol (Carl Roth) 100 mL
MgSO4 (anhydrous) (Sigma Aldrich) 4 g
Phenol red (Merck Millipore) 5 mg
Low viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose (Sigma Aldrich ) 0 g
Bacteriostatic agent (varying percentage for tested molecules)

The principal bacteriostatic agents tested are presented in Figure 2. Hydrochloric, citric, and sorbic acid were tested based on the hypothesis that a decrease in pH affects the growth of P. aeruginosa (Sporer al ., 2017). Boric acid was tested as, in addition to its acidifying effect, borate ions can also affect bacterial growth (Lum & Meers, 1989). Phenoxyethanol, used in cosmetics for its broad preservative activity (ANSM, 2012), was also included in the tests. Sodium benzoate is a food preservative also used in pharmaceutical formulations. Methyl isothiazolinone (MIT), a powerful synthetic biocide, was also tested, despite its known skin sensitization activity. We also decided to test methyl paraben (methyl parahydroxybenzoate MPOB), the E218 food preservative. These compounds were tested over a wide range of doses, although only the more relevant results are shown in the figure. Caprilyl glycol, a skin conditioning agent with antimicrobial activity, and nalidixic acid, a DNAgyrase inhibitor known to block bacterial division were also tested in preliminary studies (data not shown).

Boric acid showed good bacteriostatic activity on P. aeruginosa, particularly when used at 0.26% (pH = 6.00). Hydrochloric acid (pH = 5.39) also showed inhibitory activity, but this effect was lost with very limited increases in the pH. Decreasing the pH to a lower value was lethal to the bacteria. The response of P. aeruginosa to phenoxyethanol was unexpected. Except at the highest concentrations used (0.35% and above), the bacteria grew for one or two days but then stopped, probably due to the toxic effect of this molecule. Sorbic acid was completely ineffective in blocking the growth of P. aeruginosa at any concentration tested. Up to a concentration of 0.045%, sodium benzoate was only able to delay the onset of P. aeruginosa multiplication, and no detectable viable bacteria were detected at day 7 at higher doses. Methyl paraben (POBM) also showed a varying response, ranging from the limited inhibition of bacterial growth at 0.1% to complete inhibition at 0.15%. At day 7, the effect of methyl isothizolinone (MIT) passed from the total absence of inhibition at 0.001% to total inhibition at 0.002 %. Citric acid partially blocked the growth of P. aeruginosa at pHs of 4.79 and 4.81 but acted as an inhibitor at pH 4.94. Thus, except for boric acid, all tested compounds were unable to inhibit the development of P. aeruginosa over 7 days or the range of their effective concentration was so narrow (particularly pH values) that their use in reproducible tests was impractical. Finally, although the use of boric acid is restricted because its classification by the EU as a carcinogen, mutagen, and reprotoxic (CMR) 1B or 2, depending on its concentration, it was selected for production of the bacteriostatic medium. However, the viscosity of the first bacteriostatic medium was too low, although it included carbomethylcellulose. Thus, a second series of tests was carried out using various reticulation agents. The viscosity of the formula was estimated visually (Table 2) and that of the more suitable solutions measured using a Viscotester IQ Haake rheoviscosimeter with coaxial cylinders and a CC25 DIN/Ti gap. Considering the range of the mean fluidity (18,000 ± 3,000 mPas at 25°C, shear 15 ^s-1) of most typical cosmetic lotions, hydroethylcellulose (HEC, 25 g/L) was selected to formulate the bacteriostatic medium. The activity of this medium was verified using a 100 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa inoculum, as any modification of the formula can influence the bacteriostatic properties. It was validated based on a maximal variation < 50% (0.3 log), according to standard guidelines (ISO 21149).

As previously mentioned, selecting a fertile medium was a simpler task. It included MgSO₄, glycerol, and phenol red at the same concentrations as those used for the bacteriostatic medium to keep the two formulations similar. DPBS was replaced by Trypcase Soja Broth (TSB) to favor bacterial growth. However, the use of TSB modified the fluidity of the medium and it was necessary to increase the amount of reticulation agent (HCE) to 25.7 g/L to preserve the same rheological properties.

Comparative tests of overprotective and barrier packaging

A total of 16 series of 50 packages were submitted for in-use tests in duplicate by five different cosmetics producers. These tests were performed by seven different operators. They included five types of packaging of different protective levels (presumably overprotective or barrier) from three different producers. The packagess were anonymized and identified by letters. They were transmitted without the origin of reference to the laboratory in charge of the tests. The results are presented in Table 3. One of the packages (A) provided a limited level of protection, as all delivered doses 1 and 2 were contaminated, generally with a high number of microorganisms (less than 30% of the delivered doses contained < 1,000 UFC of contamination). Package B provided better protection, although some of the delivered doses contained > 1,000 UFC of contamination. Package D gave better results, in which all delivered doses for one series of tests showed < 1,000 UFC of contamination, but the performance was irregular. Packages C and E showed the best level of protection in these tests. As expected by overprotective or barrier packs, all the tested devices provided complete protection of the reservoir content.

Faced with the diversity of technical solutions proposed to preserve low-level and preservative-free cosmetic products, both the packaging and cosmetic industries should gain from the existence of harmonized standards. In addition to regulatory texts, several rare studies have been conducted to validate the microbial safety of cosmetic packaging (Crozier, 2018a). However, this study is the first to validate an experimental protocol over a wide range of devices and associated them a classification grid allowing their differentiation based on the degree of microbiological safety conferred by the package.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was selected as a model because of its listing as a challenge test microorganism (ISO11930 2019) and therefore its presence in the microbial library of most industrial sites. In addition, this bacterium grows easily, it is of average size, is widely distributed throughout the environment, and is mobile due to its polar flagella. This bacterial model has the drawback of being a safety level 2 microorganism and thus requires specific facilities. This was preferred to a ubiquitous safety level 1 species, such as Pseudomonas fluorescens (Bossis et al. 2000), as this bacterium is not generally available and manipulated in industry and our aim was that our approach be applicable for packaging users and producers. The choice of P. aeruginosa, aside from and because of its versatility, was also probably at the origin of the difficulty to formulate a medium that preserved its bacteriostatic activity for seven days. This can appear to be trivial, but although bactericidal and fertile medium can be easily found in the literature, this is the first time that an exhaustive study has been performed on a P. aeruginosa bacteriostatic medium, particularly one that functions over a long time. The efficiency of boric acid in the formulation of a bacteriostatic medium relative to all other tested substances is supported by its long-standing use as a preservative for the transport of urine samples for clinical observations (Lum and Meers, 1989). Boric acid was more recently proposed for the preservation of urine samples for veterinary applications (Rowlands et al., 2011). The major limitation for the use of boric acid is its classification as hazardous (CMR2 or 1, depending on the exposure concentration) by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA, 2010). Here, boric acid was used at a maximum concentration of 0.485% (mass/vol). Thus, only manipulation of the bulk material should require CMR protection protocols.

Another important aspect of the protocol concerned the development of an in-use contamination procedure aimed at reproducing the practices of the consumer. This is essential, as contact with the skin and its natural microbiota is the major source of contamination for cosmetic products. In addition, in case of incomplete closure, wiping the outlet can generate limited pressure and favor reflux of the product into the container and contamination of the reservoir. Another problem is that if a significant amount of product remains in the outlet between successive uses and the product is not self-protected, this may be sufficient to permit active bacterial growth and delivery of a contaminated dose. The contamination protocol presented in Figure 1 and Table 1 was established to evaluate the two parameters, i.e. the microbial contamination of the delivered dose and potential contamination of the reservoir. Although it was impossible to investigate the microbiological protection of the packaging throughout its entire lifecycle, including production and storage, an in-use test that spanned seven days appeared to be coherent with validation protocols in regulatory texts. In addition, the validation tests were conducted on a series of 50 packages to account for normal variability of the quality. Indeed, packages are not generally produced one by one but using molds with multiple forms and, in spite of controls, not all forms are strictly equivalent in performance.

Given the results, we decided to classify the packaging into six categories ranging from 0, corresponding to the complete absence of protection, to 5, providing complete protection. Devices, such as overprotective and barrier packaging, that were tested in the present study should be classified between 2 and 4, depending on the percentage of contaminated doses measured during the test. In all these devices, the container was absent of contamination. Grade 3 and 4 packaging are differentiated by the tests on fertile medium, which are the most discriminant, and only level 4 can pass the tests with respect to the criteria presented in Figure 3. As this procedure was aimed for products for public use and for use by all interested producers of packaging and cosmetics, it was decided to propose a logotype that should be printed on the identity file of the products. This logotype was deposited to the French organism for the control of intellectual property (INPI) under the property of the Cosmetic Valley cluster. Its use is free but restricted to cosmetic packaging and requires that the device meets the criteria summarized in Table 4.

In conclusion, this study, which has brought together some of the major industrial partners of the cosmetic and packaging industry over the last five years, has resulted in the first complete and experimentally validated protocol that allows the selection of cosmetic packaging as a function of the expected level of microbial protection. This work was presented during a congress to members of the International Organism for Standardization (Crozier 2018; Feuilloley and Roullet, 2018), who will now consider its translation into a new international regulatory text.

Ethics approval and consent to participate. Not applicable, this study did not involve a clinical trial.

Consent for publication. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. LMSM accepts to be responsible for the publication fees.

Availability of data and material. All experimental results are available upon simple demand to the authors. Results on the packaging have been kept anonymized to avoid any commercial application.

Competing interests. The authors have the following interests. Sylvia Martin is employed by Shiseido. Stéphane Desaint is employed by Groupe Rocher. Christine Borges is employed by RPC Promens. Hélène Lesouhaitier is employed by Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté. Florence Roullet is employed by Aptar Beauty & Home. Nadine Bresciani is employed by Chanel Parfum Beauté. Anne-Marie Jouault is employed by Sisley. Joelle Luc is employed by Laboratoires Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmétique. Christophe Masson is employed by Cosmetic Valley. Alain Crozier is the head of Clean Cosmetic Consulting. There no product or marketing interest to declare. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Funding. This work was supported by the Evreux Porte de Normandie, Region Normandie, and European Union (FEDER).

Authors' contributions. CC, SM, SD, CB, HL, FL, NB, A-MJ, VP, JL, and VJ contributed to the conception of the approach and conducted experiments. AJ contributed to the analysis of the data. CM and AC coordinated the work. AC and MF designed and wrote the manuscript.

Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank GDR CNRS 3711 Cosm’Actifs and the Cosmetic Valley world cluster for their key role in promoting research in cosmetic sciences. We thank A. Edelman & Associates for efficient English reviewing.

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Due to technical limitations, Tables 1-4 are provided in the Supplementary Files section.

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Editorial decision: Minor Revision
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Development of a standardized method to evaluate the protective efficiency of cosmetic packaging against microbial contamination

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Abstract

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Introduction

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Discussion

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References

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Supplementary Files

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