The study assesses the resources available in Ogun State Technical Colleges for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting trade possibilities. Structured questionnaires were provided to 102 respondents, including 7 teachers, 2 technicians, and 93 students from eight (8) technical colleges in Ogun State that offer block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting trades. The Cronbach Alpha technique was used to estimate reliability. The alpha coefficient obtained was 0.71. A structured questionnaire and checklist were used to obtain information on availability, adequacy, and utilization. However, percentage and mean were used to analyze data obtained on the availability, adequacy, and utilization respectively. The results show that all of the required resources are available, but to varying degrees, ranging from very high to low; 2% are very highly available, 11.5% are highly available, 36.5% are moderately available, and 50% are poorly available quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade option in Ogun State Technical Colleges. Furthermore, the results suggest that 84.5% of the resources necessary are insufficient, 13.5% are adequate, and 2% are highly adequate. The findings also show that just 2 of the 14 pieces of equipment are frequently used, while the remaining 12 are only occasionally used. However, 22 of the 34 tools are frequently used, while the remaining 12 are only occasionally used. The study concluded that more funds should be injected into technical colleges to enable the provision of adequate tools and equipment for the implementation of technical education programs, and that personnel in Ogun State Technical Colleges should be sensitised to the importance of utilising available tools and equipment for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options.
Research Article
Assessment of Resources for Quality Blocklaying, Bricklaying and Concreting Trade Option in Ogun State Technical Colleges
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1968064/v1
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Vocational Education
Technical institution
block laying
bricklaying
concreting
technical colleges
Any country's economic and social success is built on the foundation of education. It is a means of eradicating or lowering poverty because of the value it instils in an individual through enlightenment on various aspects of life. One of the most significant weapons for bringing about change in society is education. In Nigeria's educational system, pre-primary, primary, secondary, university, as well as vocational and technical institutions, are all phases of education. The Federal Government of Nigeria defines technical and vocational education as a broad term referring to aspects of the educational process that include, in addition to general education, the study of technologies and related sciences, as well as the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding, and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors of the economy and society, as defined by the Federal Government of Nigeria in its National Policy on Education (2014). Given these objectives, vocational and technical education aspires to generate well-educated individuals who can effectively use their heads, hearts, and hands. Odu (2011) defines technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as "all those experiences through which an individual learns to successfully carry on any relevant work." These meetings might be pre-planned and institutionalised or unexpected and unintentional. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is a type of education that focuses on teaching students practical skills that may be utilised to earn money (Akerele, 2013). According to the National Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEB) in John (2014), the goals of bricklaying, block-laying, and concreting are to introduce the trainee to basic construction principles, materials, and methods so that they can appreciate the roles of the various trades in the building industry. With the necessary skills and knowledge, he will be able to undertake all areas of brickwork in the building sector. Despite the important contribution and benefits of bricklaying/ block laying and concreting to individual and national development, it is plagued with problems that have brought about its present low esteem. To redeem the worth and value of block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting usage in the country and technical colleges at large, Adekunle, Adetayo, and Ajala (2014) identified some of the problems facing the proper implementation of technical trade subjects at technical colleges including human resources and material inputs. Block laying is one of the most important tasks in the construction of a building, and it may be done while the walls and other components of the structure are being built. Durability, strength, structural stability, fire resistance, sound absorption, and heat insulation are just a few of its features. The units are huge and accurate in size and form. This allows for faster building, allowing for more walls to be built per man than with other forms of wall construction. However, the quantities of cement, aggregates, and water in concrete determine its strength. The quality and component ingredients determine how resistant concrete is to weathering, chemical assault, abrasion, cold, and fire. Steel corrosion susceptibility is determined by the cover used and the permeability of the concrete (Bureau of Indian Standard, 2012).
Resources in education refer to any human, material, non-material audio-visual school environments, and community assets that are available in an academic environment to enhance school management and facilitate the teaching-learning process. Other fundamental educational resources are also available, making teaching easier and learning more relevant and understandable for students. All items used in the teaching and learning process, both human and non-human, sketched or photographed, built physically or electronically, books, and any other relevant materials, are considered resources in educational situations (NTI, 2016). Due to a lack of suitable and high-quality practical resources, most block laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade teaching and learning at technical colleges are unsuccessful. Because the equipment used in technical schools is relatively costly, the curriculum is more financially demanding than general education. The program's objectives will be threatened if the resources aren't in place (Blunt, 2014). As a result, suitable human and material resources, as well as classrooms, textbooks, tools and equipment, supplies, and any other facilities that will aid in the improvement of education throughout all technical colleges, must be in place in the necessary proportions to achieve this. As a result, the study examines the evaluation of resources in Ogun state technical institutes for good block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting trade possibilities.
Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of the study are to find out:
- the availability of resources for quality block-laying, brick-laying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges.
- the adequacy of resources for quality block-laying, brick-laying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges.
- the level of utilization of resources for quality block-laying, brick-laying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges.
One of the trade courses provided at technical institutes for the goal of learning theoretical knowledge and practical ability in building construction is brick/block laying and concreting. However, Auto mechanics, metalwork, building construction, woodwork, and electrical/electronic reengineering are just a few of the technical college courses available (F.R.N, 2014). The N.P.E. also included general education theory and associated topics. The necessity to generate self-sufficient technicians is also important for the country's technical, industrial, and economic growth. Technical institutions, particularly technical colleges, must create appropriately qualified technicians/technologists with solid theoretical understanding and sound practical skills. The significance of technical training was stressed in the National Policy on Education (2014) and NBTE curriculum and course specifications for all technical and vocational programmes produced since the 1980s.
Oloyede (2013) divided educational resources into two categories: human and material. Staff strength, instructor number, quality, qualification, and experience are all markers of human resource strength. The physical size of a school, as well as teaching facilities such as libraries, labs, and workshops, are all examples of material resources. They're interchangeable with school physical facilities, school material resources, and school plants and facilities. Educational facilities, according to Olagboye (2014), include instructional resources such as audio, visual aids, graphics, printed materials, and consumable items. Land, buildings, furniture, equipment, machinery, automobiles, power, and water supply infrastructure are all included. There are three types of school infrastructure: buildings, playgrounds, and instructional facilities (teaching-learning materials, equipment, furniture, and beautification of the school environment). The following hand tools are used in the construction industry: blockaxen axe, boat level, builders square, brick hammer, measuring tape (metric), cold chisel, corner blocks, folding rule, gauge rod or rule, hawk, joint duster, jointers, line and pin, metal float, plastering trowel, plumb rule and bob, builders’ line, spade, shovel, gauge lath, pointing tools, range, spirit level, steel square, sketch, square, etc.
Something urgently has to be done about the lack of physical infrastructure in Nigerian schools so that quality does not suffer. A visit to several schools reveals that some pupils sit on the bare floor during sessions, while others will be forced to stand or stand as a consequence of classroom congestion, which obstructs good learning. UNESCO said that no significant learning can take place without proper physical facilities. The importance of quality assurance at Technical Colleges must be emphasised to ensure that teaching and learning are of high quality. To determine the number of classrooms needed based on the average class size to ensure quality education. It would determine the sufficiency of the offices available for quality control, as well as how the available financial assets may be employed wisely and appropriately.
Theoretical Framework
John Dewey’s Theory of Valuation
John Dewey proposed the Valuation Theory in 1938, which holds that the worth of an object or process is determined by how effectively it meets certain criteria. This meant that any software that did not produce the desired results was worthless and should be discarded. The idea goes on to say that the only way to determine the value of a curriculum is to look at its repercussions and results.
Need Achievement Theory
Peretomode proposed the hypothesis in 1992, stating that some demands are taught and socially acquired when a person interacts with his surroundings. An individual's drive for production and the accomplishment of a desirable objective in his employment is known as need achievement. The implications of this theory for technical college professors in the bricklaying and concreting trades are that they are expected to continually be productive in their work. This is related to this study because Brick/block laying and concreting are best learned through practical tasks and experiences and for this to be achieved, the resources needed resources for the achievement of the goals of the program have to be in place to facilitate activities.
This study adopted a survey research design. Structured questionnaires were used to elicit responses from teachers, technicians, and students in all the eight (8) technical colleges in Ogun State offering block-laying, brick-laying, and concreting trade. A total of one hundred and two (102) questionnaires were administered to seven (7) teachers, two (2) technicians, and ninety-three (93) technical college students of block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting trade options in Ogun state technical colleges. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation.
Research Qtn 1: How available are the resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges?
Table 1: Availability of Resources for Quality Block laying, Bricklaying, and Concreting Trade Option in Ogun State Technical Colleges
|
S/N |
Resources |
Number Required |
Mean Availability |
Percentage Availability |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Concrete block-making machine |
1 |
0.67 |
67 |
Moderately Available |
|
2 |
Mould For Standard Hollow Concrete Blocks |
4 |
2.33 |
58.3 |
Moderately Available |
|
3 |
Mould For Standard Solid Concrete Blocks |
4 |
1.78 |
44.5 |
Low Availability |
|
4 |
Design Or Paving Mould |
4 |
2.56 |
64 |
Moderately Available |
|
5 |
Concrete Mixer |
2 |
1.44 |
72 |
Highly available |
|
6 |
Minimax Concrete Mixer |
2 |
0.67 |
33.5 |
Low Availability |
|
7 |
Wheel Barrow |
10 |
7.33 |
73.3 |
Highly available |
|
8 |
Power Concrete Finishing Float |
2 |
0.78 |
39 |
Low Availability |
|
9 |
Petrol Engine Vibrating Poker |
2 |
1.67 |
83.5 |
Highly available |
|
10 |
Dumpy Level Set |
4 |
1.22 |
30.5 |
Low Availability |
|
11 |
Digital Theodolite |
2 |
0.44 |
22 |
Low Availability |
|
12 |
Laser Level Kit |
2 |
0.67 |
33.5 |
Low Availability |
|
13 |
Land Chains & Survey Arrows |
8 |
2.44 |
30.5 |
Low Availability |
|
14 |
30 Metre Fiberglass Measuring Tape |
8 |
2.78 |
34.8 |
Low Availability |
|
15 |
Canvas Tool Bag |
25 |
12.44 |
49.8 |
Low Availability |
|
16 |
Builders Shovel |
25 |
17.44 |
69.8 |
Moderately Available |
|
17 |
Broom And Handle |
25 |
11.44 |
45.8 |
Low Availability |
|
18 |
Builders Bucket |
25 |
15.33 |
61.3 |
Moderately Available |
|
19 |
280mm Bricklayers Trowel |
25 |
15.00 |
60 |
Moderately Available |
|
20 |
150mm Soft Grip Pointing Trowel |
25 |
13.67 |
54.7 |
Moderately Available |
|
21 |
Brick Jointer |
25 |
18.44 |
73.8 |
Highly available |
|
22 |
Concrete And Flooring Trowel |
25 |
17.11 |
68.4 |
Moderately Available |
|
23 |
Finishing Trowel |
25 |
16.56 |
66.2 |
Moderately Available |
|
24 |
1.0kg (2.2LB) Club Hammer |
25 |
16.67 |
66.7 |
Moderately Available |
|
25 |
Bolster Chisel with Hand Guard |
25 |
11.11 |
44.4 |
Low Availability |
|
26 |
Brick Line and Block Set |
25 |
16.22 |
64.9 |
Moderately Available |
|
27 |
Spirit Level 900mm |
25 |
14.00 |
56 |
Moderately Available |
|
28 |
3 Metre Tape Measure |
25 |
20.11 |
80.4 |
Highly available |
|
29 |
16 Oz Bricklayers Hammer |
25 |
14.78 |
59.1 |
Moderately Available |
|
30 |
4.5kg Sledge Hammer |
25 |
8.44 |
33.8 |
Low Availability |
|
31 |
Tile Cutting Machine |
25 |
12.22 |
48.9 |
Low Availability |
|
32 |
200 Mm Tile Cutting Pliers |
25 |
9.44 |
37.8 |
Low Availability |
|
33 |
Tile Spacers Pack Of 250 |
25 |
8.89 |
35.6 |
Low Availability |
|
34 |
150mm Glass Cutter |
25 |
9.00 |
36 |
Low Availability |
|
35 |
Tower Pincers |
25 |
9.00 |
36 |
Low Availability |
|
36 |
Plastering Trowel |
25 |
13.11 |
52.4 |
Moderately Available |
|
37 |
2 Piece Corner Trowel Set |
25 |
9.89 |
39.6 |
Low Availability |
|
38 |
Plasterers Aluminum Hawk |
25 |
7.00 |
28 |
Low Availability |
|
39 |
Plasterers Float |
25 |
14.56 |
58.2 |
Moderately Available |
|
40 |
1200mm Plasterers Derby |
25 |
9.56 |
38.2 |
Low Availability |
|
41 |
Plasterers Feather Edge 1200 X 100MM |
25 |
4.78 |
19.12 |
Low Availability |
|
42 |
1400w Power Mixer |
4 |
1.33 |
33.3 |
Low Availability |
|
43 |
Rough Cast Applicator |
5 |
0.78 |
15.6 |
Low Availability |
|
44 |
White Board with Accessories |
2 |
3.89 |
194.5 |
Very Highly available |
|
45 |
Dry Marker Pen Set |
5 |
4.78 |
95.6 |
Highly available |
|
46 |
Impact Goggles |
80 |
26.00 |
32.5 |
Low Availability |
|
47 |
Pair Of Gloves, |
80 |
38.22 |
47.8 |
Low Availability |
|
48 |
Safety Helmet (White) |
80 |
18.44 |
23.1 |
Low Availability |
|
49 |
First Aid Kit |
1 |
0.67 |
67 |
Moderately Available |
|
50 |
Refill For Above Kit |
1 |
0.78 |
78 |
Moderately Available |
|
51 |
Fire Extinguisher (Co2) |
2 |
1.33 |
66.5 |
Moderately Available |
|
52 |
Smart Board, Uhd, 86" Touchscreen |
1 |
0.67 |
67 |
Moderately Available |
|
Very Highly available:2% Highly available:11.5% Moderately Available:36.5% Low Availability:50% |
|||||
Key: >100% =Very Highly Available, 70-100% = Highly Available, 50-69% = Moderately Available, < 50% = Low Availability, 0% = Not Available
Table 1 reveals that all the resources required are available, but at varying degrees, ranging from very high to low. However, the resources required for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges, 2% are very highly available, 11.5% are highly available, 36.5% are moderately available while 50% of the required resources are low in availability. It shows that any item whose availability is less than 50% of the number required is regarded as low in availability while items that are 50-69% available are regarded as moderately available. Furthermore, resources that are 70-100% available are regarded as highly available, while those that are more than 100% of the number required are regarded as very highly available.
Research Qtn 2: How adequate are the resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges?
Table 2: Adequacy of Resources for Quality block-laying, Bricklaying, and Concreting Trade Option in Ogun State Technical Colleges
|
S/N |
Resources |
Number Required |
Number Available |
Percentage Available |
Observation |
Remarks |
|
1 |
Concrete block-making machine |
1 |
0.67 |
67 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
2 |
Mould For Standard Hollow Concrete Blocks |
4 |
2.33 |
58.3 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
3 |
Mould For Standard Solid Concrete Blocks |
4 |
1.78 |
44.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
4 |
Design Or Paving Mould |
4 |
2.56 |
64 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
5 |
Concrete Mixer |
2 |
1.44 |
72 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
6 |
Minimax Concrete Mixer |
2 |
0.67 |
33.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
7 |
Wheel Barrow |
10 |
7.33 |
73.3 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
8 |
Power Concrete Finishing Float |
2 |
0.78 |
39 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
9 |
Petrol Engine Vibrating Poker |
2 |
1.67 |
83.5 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
10 |
Dumpy Level Set |
4 |
1.22 |
30.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
11 |
Digital Theodolite |
2 |
0.44 |
22 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
12 |
Laser Level Kit |
2 |
0.67 |
33.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
13 |
Land Chains & Survey Arrows |
8 |
2.44 |
30.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
14 |
30 Metre Fibreglass Measuring Tape |
8 |
2.78 |
34.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
15 |
Canvas Tool Bag |
25 |
12.44 |
49.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
16 |
Builders Shovel |
25 |
17.44 |
69.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
17 |
Broom And Handle |
25 |
11.44 |
45.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
18 |
Builders Bucket |
25 |
15.33 |
61.3 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
19 |
280mm Bricklayers Trowel |
25 |
15.00 |
60 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
20 |
150mm Soft Grip Pointing Trowel |
25 |
13.67 |
54.7 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
21 |
Brick Jointer |
25 |
18.44 |
73.8 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
22 |
Concrete And Flooring Trowel |
25 |
17.11 |
68.4 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
23 |
Finishing Trowel |
25 |
16.56 |
66.2 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
24 |
1.0kg (2.2LB) Club Hammer |
25 |
16.67 |
66.7 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
25 |
Bolster Chisel with Hand Guard |
25 |
11.11 |
44.4 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
26 |
Brick Line and Block Set |
25 |
16.22 |
64.9 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
27 |
Spirit Level 900mm |
25 |
14.00 |
56 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
28 |
3 Metre Tape Measure |
25 |
20.11 |
80.4 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
29 |
16 Oz Bricklayers Hammer |
25 |
14.78 |
59.1 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
30 |
4.5kg Sledge Hammer |
25 |
8.44 |
33.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
31 |
Tile Cutting Machine |
25 |
12.22 |
48.9 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
32 |
200 Mm Tile Cutting Pliers |
25 |
9.44 |
37.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
33 |
Tile Spacers Pack Of 250 |
25 |
8.89 |
35.6 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
34 |
150mm Glass Cutter |
25 |
9.00 |
36 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
35 |
Tower Pincers |
25 |
9.00 |
36 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
36 |
Plastering Trowel |
25 |
13.11 |
52.4 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
37 |
2 Piece Corner Trowel Set |
25 |
9.89 |
39.6 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
38 |
Plasterers Aluminum Hawk |
25 |
7.00 |
28 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
39 |
Plasterers Float |
25 |
14.56 |
58.2 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
40 |
1200mm Plasterers Derby |
25 |
9.56 |
38.2 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
41 |
Plasterers Feather Edge 1200 X 100MM |
25 |
4.78 |
19.12 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
42 |
1400w Power Mixer |
4 |
1.33 |
33.3 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
43 |
Rough Cast Applicator |
5 |
0.78 |
15.6 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
44 |
White Board with Accessories |
2 |
3.89 |
194.5 |
AMR |
Very Adequate |
|
45 |
Dry Marker Pen Set |
5 |
4.78 |
95.6 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
46 |
Impact Goggles |
80 |
26.00 |
32.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
47 |
Pair Of Gloves, |
80 |
38.22 |
47.8 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
48 |
Safety Helmet (White) |
80 |
18.44 |
23.1 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
49 |
First Aid Kit |
1 |
0.67 |
67 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
50 |
Refill For Above Kit |
1 |
0.78 |
78 |
ALR |
Adequate |
|
51 |
Fire Extinguisher (Co2) |
2 |
1.33 |
66.5 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
52 |
SmartBoard, Uhd, 86" Touchscreen |
1 |
0.67 |
67 |
AVLR |
Inadequate |
|
Very Adequate: 2% Adequate: 13.5% Inadequate: 84.5% |
||||||
Key: AMR= Available and More than Required, ALR= Available but Lower than Required, AVLR= Available but Very Lower than Required
Table 2 shows that the majority (84.5%) of the resources required for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges were inadequate, 13.5% of the resources are adequate, while 2% are very adequate. It shows that only 13.5% of the resources are adequate, while 2% are very adequate.
Research Qtn 3: What is the level of utilization of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges?
Table 3: Level of Utilization of Resources for Quality Block-laying, Bricklaying, and Concreting Trade Option in Ogun State Technical Colleges
|
S/N |
Equipment |
Mean |
SD |
Remark |
|
1 |
Concrete block-making machine |
2.40 |
1.31 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
2 |
Mould For Standard Hollow Concrete Blocks |
2.58 |
1.00 |
Often Utilized |
|
3 |
Mould For Standard Solid Concrete Blocks |
2.49 |
1.11 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
4 |
Design Or Paving Mould |
2.31 |
1.13 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
5 |
Concrete Mixer |
2.38 |
1.11 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
6 |
Minimax Concrete Mixer |
2.02 |
1.05 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
7 |
Power Concrete Finishing Float |
2.20 |
1.13 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
8 |
Petrol Engine Vibrating Poker |
2.11 |
1.05 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
9 |
Dumpy Level Set |
2.20 |
1.15 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
10 |
Digital Theodolite |
2.43 |
1.29 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
11 |
Tile Cutting Machine |
2.55 |
1.11 |
Often Utilized |
|
12 |
1400w Power Mixer |
2.19 |
1.07 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
13 |
Rough Cast Applicator |
2.01 |
1.03 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
14 |
White Board with Accessories |
2.17 |
1.14 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
15 |
Fire Extinguisher (CO2) |
2.21 |
1.12 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
16 |
Smart Board, Uhd, 86" Touchscreen |
2.36 |
1.30 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
17 |
Wheel Barrow |
3.19 |
1.10 |
Often Utilized |
|
18 |
Laser Level Kit |
2.52 |
1.21 |
Often Utilized |
|
19 |
Land Chains & Survey Arrows |
2.42 |
1.15 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
20 |
30 Metre Fiberglass Measuring Tape |
2.75 |
1.12 |
Often Utilized |
|
21 |
Canvas Tool Bag |
2.63 |
1.19 |
Often Utilized |
|
22 |
Builders Shovel |
3.05 |
1.09 |
Often Utilized |
|
23 |
Broom And Handle |
3.04 |
1.08 |
Often Utilized |
|
24 |
Builders Bucket |
3.04 |
1.09 |
Often Utilized |
|
25 |
280mm Bricklayers Trowel |
3.10 |
1.10 |
Often Utilized |
|
26 |
150mm Soft Grip Pointing Trowel |
2.87 |
1.12 |
Often Utilized |
|
27 |
Brick Jointer |
2.74 |
1.21 |
Often Utilized |
|
28 |
Concrete And Flooring Trowel |
3.02 |
1.16 |
Often Utilized |
|
29 |
Finishing Trowel |
2.99 |
1.08 |
Often Utilized |
|
30 |
1.0kg (2.2LB) Club Hammer |
2.87 |
1.09 |
Often Utilized |
|
31 |
Bolster Chisel with Hand Guard |
2.56 |
1.17 |
Often Utilized |
|
32 |
Brick Line and Block Set |
2.89 |
1.11 |
Often Utilized |
|
33 |
Spirit Level 900mm |
2.93 |
1.15 |
Often Utilized |
|
34 |
3 Metre Tape Measure |
2.96 |
1.13 |
Often Utilized |
|
35 |
16 Oz Bricklayers Hammer |
2.14 |
1.10 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
36 |
4.5kg Sledge Hammer |
2.27 |
1.11 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
37 |
200 Mm Tile Cutting Pliers |
2.25 |
1.20 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
38 |
Tile Spacers Pack Of 250 |
2.42 |
1.16 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
39 |
150mm Glass Cutter |
2.51 |
1.18 |
Often Utilized |
|
40 |
Tower Pincers |
2.43 |
1.22 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
41 |
Plastering Trowel |
2.26 |
1.23 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
42 |
2 Piece Corner Trowel Set |
2.42 |
1.19 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
43 |
Plasterers Aluminium Hawk |
2.44 |
1.24 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
44 |
Plasterers Float |
2.50 |
1.15 |
Often Utilized |
|
45 |
1200mm Plasterers Derby |
2.74 |
1.14 |
Often Utilized |
|
46 |
Plasterers Feather Edge 1200 X 100MM |
2.71 |
1.17 |
Often Utilized |
|
47 |
Dry Marker Pen Set |
2.48 |
1.18 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
48 |
Impact Goggles |
2.56 |
1.21 |
Often Utilized |
|
49 |
Pair Of Gloves, |
2.48 |
1.24 |
Sometimes Utilized |
|
50 |
Safety Helmet (White) |
2.33 |
1.28 |
Sometimes Utilized |
Table 3 revealed the level of utilization of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges. The table shows that only 2 out of 14 pieces of equipment are often utilized (M=2.55–2.58). However, the remaining 12 are sometimes utilized (M=2.01–2.49). The table also revealed that 22 out of 34 tools are often utilized (M=2.50– 3.19) while the remaining 12 are sometimes utilized (M=2.14–2.48).
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of teachers and technicians on the availability of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges
Table 4: Item by item t-test analyses of the responses of teachers and technicians on the availability of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges
|
S/N |
Resources |
Teachers n₁ = 07 |
Technicians n₂ = 02 |
P |
Decision |
||
|
|
|
|
S.D₁ |
|
S.D₂ |
|
|
|
1 |
Concrete block-making machine |
0.57 |
0.53 |
1.00 |
0.00 |
0.32 |
NS |
|
2 |
Mould For Standard Hollow Concrete Blocks |
2.29 |
1.25 |
2.50 |
2.12 |
0.86 |
NS |
|
3 |
Mould For Standard Solid Concrete Blocks |
1.29 |
0.76 |
3.50 |
0.71 |
0.01 |
S |
|
4 |
Design Or Paving Mould |
2.57 |
1.40 |
2.50 |
2.12 |
0.96 |
NS |
|
5 |
Concrete Mixer |
1.43 |
0.53 |
1.50 |
0.71 |
0.88 |
NS |
|
6 |
Minimax Concrete Mixer |
0.43 |
0.79 |
1.50 |
0.71 |
0.13 |
NS |
|
7 |
Wheel Barrow |
8.00 |
3.06 |
5.00 |
4.24 |
0.29 |
NS |
|
8 |
Power Concrete Finishing Float |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.22 |
NS |
|
9 |
Petrol Engine Vibrating Poker |
1.43 |
0.79 |
2.50 |
0.71 |
0.13 |
NS |
|
10 |
Dumpy Level Set |
1.14 |
1.46 |
1.50 |
2.12 |
0.79 |
NS |
|
11 |
Digital Theodolite |
0.43 |
0.53 |
0.50 |
0.71 |
0.88 |
NS |
|
12 |
Laser Level Kit |
0.43 |
0.79 |
1.50 |
0.71 |
0.13 |
NS |
|
13 |
Land Chains & Survey Arrows |
2.86 |
2.54 |
1.00 |
1.41 |
0.37 |
NS |
|
14 |
30 Metre Fibreglass Measuring Tape |
3.43 |
1.51 |
0.50 |
0.71 |
0.04 |
S |
|
15 |
Canvas Tool Bag |
13.14 |
11.11 |
10.00 |
7.07 |
0.72 |
NS |
|
16 |
Builders Shovel |
21.00 |
4.51 |
5.00 |
7.07 |
0.01 |
S |
|
17 |
Broom And Handle |
10.43 |
10.52 |
15.00 |
14.14 |
0.62 |
NS |
|
18 |
Builders Bucket |
19.00 |
4.04 |
2.50 |
3.54 |
0.00 |
S |
|
19 |
280mm Bricklayers Trowel |
15.29 |
8.73 |
14.00 |
15.56 |
0.88 |
NS |
|
20 |
150mm Soft Grip Pointing Trowel |
14.71 |
6.75 |
10.00 |
14.14 |
0.50 |
NS |
|
21 |
Brick Jointer |
19.29 |
4.96 |
15.50 |
13.44 |
0.51 |
NS |
|
22 |
Concrete And Flooring Trowel |
18.14 |
4.56 |
13.50 |
16.26 |
0.46 |
NS |
|
23 |
Finishing Trowel |
14.86 |
6.96 |
22.50 |
3.54 |
0.19 |
NS |
|
24 |
1.0kg (2.2LB) Club Hammer |
14.29 |
5.91 |
25.00 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
NS |
|
25 |
Bolster Chisel With Hand Guard |
14.00 |
6.16 |
1.00 |
1.41 |
0.03 |
S |
|
26 |
Brick Line And Block Set |
14.14 |
7.67 |
23.50 |
2.12 |
0.15 |
NS |
|
27 |
Spirit Level 900mm |
14.14 |
5.96 |
13.50 |
16.26 |
0.93 |
NS |
|
28 |
3 Metre Tape Measure |
18.71 |
7.45 |
25.00 |
0.00 |
0.29 |
NS |
|
29 |
16 Oz Bricklayers Hammer |
14.57 |
5.94 |
15.50 |
13.44 |
0.88 |
NS |
|
30 |
4.5kg Sledge Hammer |
6.29 |
3.73 |
16.00 |
12.73 |
0.08 |
NS |
|
31 |
Tile Cutting Machine |
11.00 |
6.76 |
16.50 |
12.02 |
0.40 |
NS |
|
32 |
200 Mm Tile Cutting Pliers |
7.29 |
9.48 |
17.00 |
11.31 |
0.25 |
NS |
|
33 |
Tile Spacers Pack Of 250 |
6.43 |
7.85 |
17.50 |
10.61 |
0.14 |
NS |
|
34 |
150mm Glass Cutter |
6.57 |
7.57 |
17.50 |
10.61 |
0.14 |
NS |
|
35 |
Tower Pincers |
7.43 |
8.32 |
14.50 |
14.85 |
0.39 |
NS |
|
36 |
Plastering Trowel |
12.71 |
6.37 |
14.50 |
14.85 |
0.79 |
NS |
|
37 |
2 Piece Corner Trowel Set |
6.14 |
7.03 |
23.00 |
2.83 |
0.02 |
S |
|
38 |
Plasterers Aluminum Hawk |
6.14 |
8.01 |
10.00 |
14.14 |
0.62 |
NS |
|
39 |
Plasterers Float |
14.86 |
7.54 |
13.50 |
16.26 |
0.86 |
NS |
|
40 |
1200mm Plasterers Derby |
5.43 |
7.63 |
24.00 |
1.41 |
0.01 |
S |
|
41 |
Plasterers Feather Edge 1200 X 100MM |
3.29 |
7.45 |
10.00 |
14.14 |
0.37 |
NS |
|
42 |
1400w Power Mixer |
1.14 |
1.46 |
2.00 |
2.83 |
0.56 |
NS |
|
43 |
Rough Cast Applicator |
1.00 |
1.41 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.37 |
NS |
|
44 |
White Board with Accessories |
1.29 |
0.95 |
13.00 |
16.97 |
0.06 |
NS |
|
45 |
Dry Marker Pen Set |
6.00 |
6.43 |
0.50 |
0.71 |
0.28 |
NS |
|
46 |
Impact Goggles |
24.14 |
30.88 |
32.50 |
45.96 |
0.76 |
NS |
|
47 |
Pair Of Gloves, |
34.86 |
20.58 |
50.00 |
42.43 |
0.47 |
NS |
|
48 |
Safety Helmet (White) |
23.29 |
19.02 |
1.50 |
0.71 |
0.17 |
NS |
|
49 |
First Aid Kit |
0.71 |
0.49 |
0.50 |
0.71 |
0.63 |
NS |
|
50 |
Refill For Above Kit |
0.71 |
0.49 |
1.00 |
1.41 |
0.63 |
NS |
|
51 |
Fire Extinguisher (CO2) |
1.29 |
0.95 |
1.50 |
0.71 |
0.78 |
NS |
|
52 |
Smart Board, Uhd, 86" Touchscreen |
0.57 |
0.53 |
1.00 |
1.41 |
0.49 |
NS |
Key: NS = Not Significant, S = Significant, S.D = Standard Deviation, 
= Mean, N = number of respondents, P= probability value
Table 4 shows the item-by-item t-test analyses of the responses of teachers and technicians on the availability of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges. The table revealed that there was a significant difference in the 75 mean responses of teachers and technicians on items 3,14,16,18,25,36, and, 40 (P0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis of no significant difference was not rejected for the 45 resources.
Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of teachers, technicians, and students on the utilization of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges.
Table 5. Analysis of variance comparing the responses of teachers, technicians, and students on the utilization of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges
|
Resources |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
P |
|
|
Equipment |
Between Groups |
.80 |
2 |
.40 |
.65 |
.52 |
|
Within Groups |
60.59 |
99 |
.61 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
61.39 |
101 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tools |
Between Groups |
.42 |
2 |
.21 |
.58 |
.56 |
|
Within Groups |
36.24 |
99 |
.37 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
36.66 |
101 |
|
|
|
|
Based on the data presented in the table above, a statistically significant difference was not found between the responses of teachers, technicians, and students on the utilization of Equipment: F (2, 99) = 0.65, p >0.05, and Tools: F (2, 99) = 0.56, p >0.05 for quality block-laying, bricklaying and concreting (BB&C) trade option in Ogun State Technical Colleges. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the mean responses of teachers, technicians, and students on the utilization of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges.
The result of the findings revealed that the Majority (50%) of the resources required for quality block laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges are low in availability. 36.5% are moderately available, 11.5% are highly available and 2% are very highly available. This is in line with the findings of Awurum (2015) which revealed that material resources are not adequate for teaching and learning block-laying and concreting work in Edo and Delta State technical colleges. In the same vein, the study revealed that human and material resources available in the technical colleges did not meet the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) minimum standard requirement for teaching and learning block-laying and concreting. In addition, the study revealed that there is a shortage of academic and support staff, the majority of academic staff possessed low academic qualifications, most of the available equipment for teaching and learning block-laying and concreting work is obsolete and not functional, and most of the schools have no functional block-laying and concreting workshops, inadequate supply of water and electricity, outdated textbooks, and an inadequate number of hand tools. In the same vein, Okwori (2012) reported that among all the hand tools required for teaching woodwork, only grooving ploughing plane, bullnose plane, crosscut/ handsaw, tenon saw, and set of screwdrivers were available and adequate. More so, the study revealed that maintenance equipment such as sharpening machines, oil cans, saw vices, glue spreaders, glue brushes, and glue heaters was not available. In addition, a study conducted by Onyejemezi (2011) on the quality, quantity, production, and distribution of teaching resources/facilities revealed that tertiary institutions are hardly supported with educational resources, even in the face of ‘Accreditation fever’
The result of the findings showed that the Majority (84.5%) of the resources required for quality block-laying bricklaying and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges are inadequate. Only 13.5% of the resources are adequate, while 2% are very adequate. This is in support of Umunadi (2011) who reported that among other things, there are inadequate basic electrical equipment and consumable materials available in the technical colleges. In addition, teachers in technical colleges often fail to properly use the equipment, tools, and materials needed in the teaching of the subject. Also, the findings of Awurum (2015) revealed that human and material resources available in the technical colleges did not meet the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) minimum standard requirement for teaching and learning block-laying and concreting. Also, Adeyemi (2011) in his own showed that human and material resources in each of the program areas in technical colleges are inadequate.
The findings of the study also revealed that Only 2 out of 16 pieces of equipment (14%) are often utilized. However, the remaining 14 (86%) are sometimes utilized. Results also show that 22 out of 34 tools (65%) are often utilized while the remaining 12 (35%) are sometimes utilized. This is in agreement with Blunt’s (2014) opinion that it is not the availability of these resources alone that guarantees the effective performance of the school, but their adequacy and effective utilization. However, teaching and learning of block laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade-in technical colleges, in most areas is ineffective, due to insufficient and low-quality resources for practice. This means that, for students in technical colleges to be productive and self-reliant, they have to acquire basic skills that will enable them to function effectively in society through effective utilization of tools and equipment while in training.
There was a significant difference in the mean responses of teachers and technicians on the availability of the following resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges. This is in line with Ibrahim and Abdullahi (2010) who revealed that administrators, teachers, and workshop personnel shared similar views on the inadequacy and availability of facilities in Technical College workshops.
There was no significant difference in the mean responses of teachers and technicians on the availability of the following resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges. This is in disagreement with the findings of Ibrahim and Abdullahi (2010) which revealed that administrators, teachers, and workshop personnel shared similar views on the inadequacy and availability of facilities in Technical College workshops. Furthermore, the finding of this study is inconsonant with the findings of Bvekerwa, et al, (2011) which revealed that there were inadequate material resources in secondary schools to use by the teachers for the implementation of technical vocational subjects.
There was no significant difference in mean responses of teachers, technicians, and students on the utilization of resources for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges. This is in support of the findings of Umunadi (2011) which revealed that among other things, there are inadequate basic electrical equipment and consumable materials available in the technical colleges. In addition, teachers in technical colleges often fail to properly use the equipment, tools, and materials needed in the teaching of the subject.
Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the majority of the resources required for quality block-laying, bricklaying, and concreting (BB&C) trade options in Ogun State Technical Colleges are low in availability, and adequacy and are sometimes utilized but at varying degrees. Also, effective utilization of tools and equipment results in quality assurance and prepares students for productive living in society. It is only when block laying, bricklaying, and concreting tools and equipment are adequately provided to technical colleges and maintained that the skills and value inherent in block laying bricklaying, and concreting in technical colleges can be maximally implemented for the benefit of the citizens. It is also concluded that the underutilization of tools and equipment is a contributing factor to the dismal performance of students in the demonstration of practical skills acquired by block laying bricklaying and concreting graduates.
Future Research
Further research will focus on the Impact of tools and equipment on the delivery of quality block laying bricklaying and concreting trade in a technical college. We will also be looking at the roles of funding delivery of quality block laying bricklaying and concreting trade in technical colleges.
Competing Interest
We declare that there are no conflicting interests in the study
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