Study Area and Period
The study was conducted at Mizan Tep university hospital from October 10 to December 9, 2017, which is located in southern nation nationality people region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia and bordering Gambella Region .It is 832 km from the capital city of the region called Hawassa. It is also 588 km`s from Addis Ababa, which is the capital city of the country. It provides different services for outpatient and inpatient population from SNNPR and neighbouring region called Gambela and Oromia in Ethiopia.
Study Design
Institutional based cross-sectional study design was used.
Source Population
All HIV positive patients who have follow up at ART Clinic in MTUTH, Southwest Ethiopia during data collection period.
Study Population
Those sampled HIV positive patients who attend ART clinic during the study period in the hospital
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion criteria
Sampled HIV positive patients with age greater than or equal to 15 years were included in the study.
Exclusion criteria
Sampled patients who were unwilling to give informed consent and severely ill
Sample size determination
The required sample size was calculated by using single population proportion formula. The Proportion of alcohol use disorder among PLWHA was used from cross sectional study done at Jimma in 2012 which is 32.6% [10] with 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (CI) of certainty (alpha=0.05).
n = (Zα/2)2 P (1-P)
d2
Where: n= sample size, Z α/2= Critical value=1.96
P= magnitude of alcohol use among PLWHA=0.326 (32.6%)
d= precision (marginal error) =0.05
Therefore, n = (Zα/2)2 P (1-P) / d2, n = (1.96)2 *0.326 (1 -0.326)/ (0.05)2 =338
Since total number of HIV positive patients visiting ART clinic at HUCSH are <10,000, we used correction formula to know the final sample size as follows.
nf = ni where: ni – Initial sample size
1 + ni/N nf – Final sample size
nf = 338 N – Total number of PLWHA visiting ART clinic
1+ 338/2800
nf = 301.78»302
Ten percent of the calculated value of non-respondents will be 30.2.
nf = 302+30.2 , nf = 332.2»332
Sampling technique
Study participants were selected by systematic sampling method by drawing those ART patients having follow up in the ART registration book by establishing the sampling frame. The sample size for the study comprised of 332 patients who were selected by systematic random sampling, calculating sampling interval 𝐾= (𝑁/Tsz). 𝑁 denotes total numbers of patients having ART follow up during the study period in MTUTH which was 1024 and Tsz is the total sample size. So, every 3nd patient was selected from sampling frame. The sampled ART outpatients were present and exit interviews were carried out.
Study variables
Dependent variable
Alcohol use disorder
Independent variables
Socio-demographic variables
:-Age, sex, marital status, occupational, educational status, religion, ethnicity, living condition and income.
Clinical variables:-stage of HIV, year of serostatus, CD4 count, Viral load, HIV/AIDS stage, On ART or not, social support and HIV related stigma.
Substance use:-Tobacco , Khat, Cocaine, Alcohol.
Data Collection Instruments
Data was collected by semi structured self-administered questionnaire prepared in English and translated into Amharic and re translated to English to ensure its consistency. The questionnaires are adopted and modified from WHO-substance use survey questionnaire. It consists of socio-demographic variables, substance use, health status and stigma related questions. The structured questioner, Oslo-3 social support scale, perceived HIV stigma scale and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess alcohol use disorder. Supervision was done while data collectors collect data and the information was checked for completeness and internal consistency.
Data Processing and Analysis
Data was checked and coded for its completeness and entered into Epidata 3.1 version then Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics procedures were undertaken. Tables and figures were used to present the data. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with alcohol use disorder. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were used to determine the strength of association between dependent and independent variables. Those Variables with P value <0.05 were considered as significant.
Operational Definition
Social Drinker: The total AUDIT scores of the drinkers among 1 to 7.
Hazardous Drinking: the total AUDIT scores of the drinkers among 8 to 15.
Harmful Drinking: the total AUDIT scores of the drinkers among 16 to 19.
Alcohol Dependence: the total AUDIT scores of the drinkers among 20 to 40.
Alcohol use disorder: a patient who scored AUDIT scores > 8.
Dissemination and Utilization
Finally the result from this study was disseminated to MTUTH
Ethical Consideration
Ethical clearance was obtained from Mizan Aman health Science College and permission was obtained from MTUTH. All participants of the study were asked and signed an informed consent after elaborating clearly the objectives of the study. Their right to refuse were also kept honestly.