|
n (%)
|
P-value
|
n (%)
|
P-value
|
n (%)
|
P-value
|
n (%)
|
P-value
|
n (%)
|
P-value
|
Age, years
≤ 30
31–44
45–60
> 60
|
478 (81.15)
1,492 (83.12)
2,188 (87.84)
1,547 (91.81)
|
< 0.001
|
362 (61.46)
1,116 (62.17)
1,548 (62.14)
910 (54.01)
|
< 0.001
|
251 (42.61)
813 (45.29)
1,245 (49.98)
772 (45.28)
|
0.001
|
227 (38.54)
579 (37.83)
943 (37.86)
775 (45.99)
|
< 0.001
|
111 (18.85)
303 (16.88)
303 (12.16)
138 (8.19)
|
< 0.001
|
Gender
Female
Male
|
2,449 (86.69)
3,256 (87.18)
|
0.563
|
1,784 (63.15)
2,152 (57.62)
|
< 0.001
|
1,408 (49.84)
1,673 (44.79)
|
< 0.001
|
1,041 (36.85)
1,583 (42.38)
|
< 0.001
|
376 (13.31)
855 (12.82)
|
0.563
|
Smoking
Non-smoker
Ex-smoker
Smoker (or stopped < 1 year ago)
|
3,696 (86.60)
1,261 (88.49)
748 (86.27)
|
0.15
|
2,634 (61.72)
834 (58.53)
468 (53.98)
|
< 0.001
|
2,062 (48.31)
670 (47.02)
349 (40.25)
|
< 0.001
|
1,634 (38.28)
591 (41.47)
399 (46.02)
|
< 0.001
|
572 (13.40)
164 (11.51)
119 (13.73)
|
0.15
|
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2
< 25
25-29.99…
≥ 30
|
2,732 (84.87)
2,163 (89.09)
810 (88.91)
|
< 0.001
|
1,953 (60.67)
1,460 (60.08)
523 (57.41)
|
0.206
|
1,466 (45.54)
1,194 (49.09)
422 (46.32)
|
0.027
|
1,266 (39.33)
970 (39.92)
388 (42.59)
|
0.206
|
487 (15.13)
267 (10.99)
101 (11.09)
|
< 0.001
|
Raised on a farm
No
Yes
|
5,141 (86.67)
564 (89.81)
|
0.026
|
3,598 (60.65)
338 (53.82)
|
0.001
|
2,807 (47.32)
274 (43.63)
|
0.078
|
2,334 (39.35)
290 (46.18)
|
0.001
|
791 (13.33)
64 (10.19)
|
0.026
|
Rural residence during childhood
No
Yes
|
4,075 (86.50)
1,630 (88.16)
|
0.073
|
2,829 (60.05)
1,107 (59.87)
|
0.893
|
2,193 (46.55)
888 (48.03)
|
0.281
|
1,882 (39.95)
742 (40.31)
|
0.893
|
636 (13.50)
219 (11.84)
|
0.073
|
Highest education attained
Less than high school
High school
Tertiary education
|
669 (91.64)
2,721 (86.55)
2,315 (86.19)
|
< 0.001
|
396 (54.25)
1,900 (60.43)
1,640 (61.06)
|
0.003
|
335 (45.89)
1,477 (46.98)
1,269 (47.24)
|
0.809
|
334 (45.75)
1,244 (39.57)
1,046 (38.94)
|
0.003
|
61 (8.36)
423 (13.45)
371 (13.81)
|
< 0.001
|
Social class classification†
1 (managers)
2 (professionals)
3 (technicians and associate professionals)
4 (office support workers)
5 (service and sale workers)
6 (skilled agriculture/forestry/fishery workers)
7 (craft and related trade workers)
8 (plant and machine operators/assemblers)
9 (elementary occupations)
0 (military personnel)
|
333 (90.49)
1,159 (85.60)
791 (87.31)
425 (88.91)
1,346 (86.45)
173 (81.99)
322 (87.98)
251 (90.61)
905 (86.77)
0 (0)
|
0.035
|
226 (61.41)
823 (60.78)
588 (64.90)
278 (58.16)
917 (58.90)
125 (59.24)
231 (63.11)
163 (58.84)
585 (56.09)
0 (0)
|
0.012
|
191 (51.90)
628 (46.38)
473 (52.21)
225 (47.07)
706 (45.34)
87 (41.23)
187 (51.09)
137 (49.46)
447 (42.86)
0 (0)
|
< 0.001
|
142 (38.59)
531 (39.22)
318 (35.10)
200 (41.84)
630 (41.10)
86 (40.76)
135 (36.89)
114 (41.16)
458 (43.91)
0 (0)
|
0.012
|
35 (9.51)
195 (14.40)
115 (12.69)
53 (11.09)
211 (13.55)
38 (18.01)
44 (12.02)
26 (9.39)
138 (13.23)
0 (0)
|
0.035
|
Clinician-diagnosed COPD
No
Yes
|
5,558 (86.83)
147 (92.45)
|
0.038
|
3,862 (60.33)
74 (46.54)
|
< 0.001
|
3,019 (47.16)
62 (38.99)
|
0.041
|
2,539 (39.67)
85 (53.46)
|
< 0.001
|
843 (13.17)
12 (7.55)
|
0.038
|
Clinician-diagnosed asthma
No
Yes
|
5,125 (87.10)
580 (85.80)
|
0.341
|
3,558 (60.47)
378 (55.92)
|
0.022
|
2,799 (47.57)
282 (41.72)
|
0.004
|
2,326 (39.53)
298 (44.08)
|
0.022
|
759 (12.90)
96 (14.20)
|
0.341
|
Allergic asthma (asthma + rhinitis)
No
Yes
|
5,168 (86.99)
537 (86.75)
|
0.868
|
3,586 (60.36)
350 (56.54)
|
0.065
|
2,813 (47.35)
268 (43.30)
|
0.054
|
2,355 (39.64)
269 (43.46)
|
0.065
|
773 (13.01)
82 (13.25)
|
0.868
|
Any respiratory symptom‡
No
Yes
|
3,912 (86.55)
1,793 (87.89)
|
0.135
|
2,801 (61.97)
1,135 (55.64)
|
< 0.001
|
2,193 (48.52)
888 (43.53)
|
< 0.001
|
1,719 (38.03)
905 (44.36)
|
< 0.001
|
608 (13.45)
247 (12.11)
|
0.135
|
Number of comorbidities§
0
1
≥ 2
|
2,224 (85.47)
1,662 (87.20)
1,819 (88.65)
|
0.006
|
1,639 (62.99)
1,149 (60.28)
1,148 (55.95)
|
< 0.001
|
1,261 (48.46)
905 (47.48)
915 (44.59)
|
0.027
|
963 (37.01)
757 (39.72)
904 (44.05)
|
< 0.001
|
378 (14.53)
244 (12.80)
233 (11.35)
|
0.006
|
Number of "severe" comorbidities (COPD, diabetes)
0
1
2
|
5,307 (86.70)
377 (91.28)
21 (80.77)
|
0.018
|
3,706 (60.55)
214 (51.82)
16 (61.54)
|
0.002
|
2,892 (47.25)
178 (43.10)
11 (42.31)
|
0.235
|
2,415 (39.45)
199 (48.18)
10 (38.46)
|
0.002
|
814 (13.30)
36 (8.72)
5 (19.23)
|
0.018
|
Number of "moderately severe" comorbidities (asthma, hypertension)
0
1
2
|
4,309 (86.23)
1,269 (88.99)
127 (92.70)
|
0.003
|
3,077 (61.58)
797 (55.89)
62 (45.26)
|
< 0.001
|
2,389 (47.81)
640 (44.88)
52 (37.96)
|
0.015
|
1,920 (38.42)
629 (44.11)
75 (54.74)
|
< 0.001
|
688 (13.77)
157 (11.01)
10 (7.30)
|
0.003
|
Number of "mild" comorbidities (eczema, rhinitis, sleep disorder)
0
1
≥ 2
|
2,732 (86.43)
1,890 (87.26)
1,083 (87.83)
|
0.409
|
1,949 (61.66)
1,303 (60.16)
684 (55.47)
|
0.001
|
1,520 (48.09)
1,027 (47.41)
534 (43.31)
|
0.015
|
1,212 (38.34)
863 (39.84)
549 (44.53)
|
0.001
|
429 (13.57)
276 (12.74)
150 (12.17)
|
0.409
|