Gain Flatness of Amplifier in C-Band using EDFA and RFA for WDM System

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2092880/v1

The gain flatness of amplifier is very important parameter in optical network systems when wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) device used in the transmission of many channels in the system. This paper seeking toward minimum gain flatness of the amplifier. In this paper several methods are used to obtain the optimum value of gain variation and get the maximum gain uniformity between sixteen channels in C band. We optimize the length and pump power of EDFA, and used a lot of stages of EDFA and used hybrid amplifier with EDFA and Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) and optimize the number of pump wavelengths of the RFA. The gains are flattened within 37.65 ± 0.0445 dB from 1546nm to 1552nm with noise figure (NF) within 3.56 dB, Q-factor of 9.97 and BER of 9.3×10^− 24 at hybrid 980-EDFA-RFA. A comparison between the several configurations is made.

gain flatness

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

multi-stage EDFA

Raman

hybrid optical amplifier

Raman-EDFA

EDFA-Raman

optical gain

noise figure

bit error rate.

In optical fiber communication system, the signal suffers from a lot of losses such as fiber loss, splice loss, etc, and the signal becomes weak. Thus due to this losses, in order to transmit signals over long distances it is necessary to use amplifier with good gain and flat gain bandwidth to compensate all losses occur in the fiber. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique is used to transmit multiple signals in the same fiber and increase the information capacities of a fiber system. As the number of channels in WDM systems increase, broadband flat amplification is required.

An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal in optical fiber communications. There are two types of optical amplifiers: fiber amplifiers and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Fiber amplifiers are classified as erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Raman fiber amplifier (RFA).

EDFA is a silica fiber doped with erbium(Er^+ 3) ions and can operate at the conventional(C) band (from 1525 to 1565 nm) and can operate at L-band (1565–1605 nm) with long length and high pump power and the pumping wavelength is at 980nm or 1480 nm. High gain (30∼50 dB), high output power (10∼20 dBm), large bandwidth (≥ 90 nm) and low noise figure (3∼5 dB) can be obtained using an EDFA for 1.55µm range [1]. A single EDFA is used for simultaneously amplifying many data channels at different wavelengths within the gain region.

Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) has merit of arbitrary gain bandwidth. RFA can be used to amplify not only the C-band, but also the L, S and other bands, depending on the usage of the pumped wavelengths, RFA has several advantages including lower noise figure (NF), flexibility on the selection of gain medium, and wide gain bandwidth. Thus, L-band optical amplifier is better to adopt RFA rather than L-band EDFA [2]. In a WDM system, the EDFA doesn't necessary amplify the wavelength of the channels equally. EDFA in a WDM system are often required to have equalized gain spectrum in order to achieve uniform output powers between signals.

There are several methods were studied to increase the gain flatness of amplifier such as, by controlling the EDFA length and the pump power [3–5], using hybrid EDFA/RFA amplifiers [6, 7], hybrid Al-co-doped & Al/P co-doped EDFAs [8], by using an acousto-optic tunable filter [9]. In [3] by using EDFA with 980nm backward pump configuration, 4m-length, 0.8nm channels spacing, the gains are flattened within 24 ± 0.299dB and average NF of 6dB were obtained. In [4] using EDFA, the gains are flattened within 33.57dB-33.97dB with gain flatness of 0.39dB, NF < 7dB, Q-factor 14.78 and BER < 10^− 22. In [6] the authors use the hybrid EDFA-Raman amplifier which have eight counter pumps, best results are obtained at gain variation is 2.46dB and NF of (4.32-5.36dB). In [10] the authors use hybrid EDFA-Raman amplifier, and observed that the gain and NF are better at hybrid EDFA-RFA than use Raman amplifier only and found that EDFA-Raman is better than Raman-EDFA for get high gain, low NF, high Q factor and BER.

In this paper we used several methods of amplifier and configurations of EDFA only and hybrid EDFA/RFA to obtain the optimum gain flatness, high gain, low noise figure, high Q-factor and low BER.

The simulation setup of EDFA and Raman fiber amplifier in the WDM system is performed using Optisystem software. In this model as shown in Fig. (1), sixteen channels are transmitted at 10 Gb/s data rate with 0.8nm channel spacing from 1446nm to 1458nm and 0.4nm channel spacing from 1446nm to 1452nm. Each input signal is modulated in NRZ format. The power of input signal for each channel is taken as -26dBm. The signals are fed to an ideal multiplexer and then the signal is passed through the hybrid amplifiers consist of EDFA and Raman followed by a de-multiplexer to convert single input to sixteen outputs and the conversion to electrical signal is by using the photo-detector PIN, finally the eye pattern is analyzed using eye analyzer. The optical isolators prevent the amplified signal from reflecting back into the device, where it could increase the amplifier noise and decrease its efficiency. The measurement components used is dual port WDM analyzer.

The following characteristics have been set in simulating the Opti-system: -

Bit Rate: 10 GBits/sec, Sequence Length: 128 Bits, Samples per bit: 64, Number of samples: 8192.

Parameters of EDFA are Er^+ 3 Metastable lifetime of 10ms, Er^+ 3 Ion Density of 10²⁵m³(100ppm), numerical aperture of 0.24, Attenuation coefficient of 0.2 dB/km, and pump wavelength of 980nm, 1480nm.The various parameters for RFA are Raman fiber length is 10 km, operating temperature is 300 K, counter pump at wavelength 1444nm and 1457nm each pump power of 450 mw.

A) EDFA Amplifier:

At first, we will use EDFA Amplifier only at different configuration and different pumping wavelength for single and multi-stages of EDFA.

I) One-stage EDFA:

The performance of a single stage EDFA alone as amplifier is studied by which the comparison of the gain flatness between maximum and minimum values of gain for signals at constant 4m length of EDFA and different pumping configurations of 980nm and 1480nm, backward and forward, and different spacing between channels of 0.8nm and 0.4nm, as shown in Table (1).

Table (1): Gain flatness of EDFA at different pump configurations, pump power and channel spacing

It can be observed that, under the same spacing between channels fixed to 0.8 nm-space, the gain flatness gives a better performance at 1480 nm pump wavelength of 0.55 dB as compared to 980 nm pump wavelength which offers 1.2 dB gain flatness, and the gain flatness is a little higher at forward pump than backward pump at both of 980 nm and 1480 nm pump wavelength.

Using 0.4nm channels spacing allows more spectral efficient transmission. Moreover, when comparing 0.8nm and 0.4nm channels spacing at 1480nm pump wavelength it is found that gain flatness has improved performance in the case of using channel spacing 0.4nm. The gain flatness reduced to amount of 32.84% at 980nm and 20.9% at 1480nm as compared to 0.8nm channel spacing with 30mw pumping power. At 0.4nm channel spacing, using 1480nm wavelength reduces the gain flatness to 31.1% compared to the gain flatness at 980nm, the results are summarized in Table (1).

Hence, pumping configuration of 1480 nm forward wavelength at 0.4nm channels spacing is more suitable in case of requirement in order to obtain lesser gain variations between signals. Towards improving the system performance compared to the results in [2, 3, 5], it is found that using forward pumping could improve the gain flatness at both 980nm pump wavelength used in [2, 3, 5] and 1480nm in [5] by a little amount and this improvement is achieved at large channel spacing 0.8nm [2, 3].

The system is now analyzed for gain flatness by using 0.4nm channel spacing (1446–1452 nm) and 1480nm forward pump wavelength and different lengths of EDFA and pump power as in Table (2). We find that, the best result of gain variation for various lengths of EFDA scanned from 4m to 7m is at 5.5m EDFA length of 0.11dB, and then as EDFA-length increases the gain variation also increases.

Table (2): Gain variation at different EDFA-lengths and pump power for 0.4nm-spacing

	gain flatness(dB) at EDFA-lengths
Pump power	4m	5m	5.5m	6m	6.5m	7m
60 mw	0.29	0.17	0.13	0.24	0.44	0.68
70 mw	0.32	0.22	0.11	0.19	0.37	0.61
80 mw	0.34	0.25	0.15	0.17	0.32	0.55

The gain and NF spectrum at different pumping powers for EDFA with length of 5.5m are shown in Fig. (2), it's seen that as pumping power increases the gain increases as well but the variation of gain also increases. So, the best result for gain variation of 0.11dB between signals is at 70mw pumping power and the gain ranges within 29.645 ± 0.055dB. The eye diagram is shown in Fig. (3).

So, the best results for gain and gain flatness of one-stage EDFA is at the conditions of; 1480nm forward pump wavelength, at 5.5m EDFA length, and 70mw pump power which has the gain of 29.645 ± 0.055dB. In addition, it is found that at these specified parameters the NF is 4.37 ± 0.1dB, Q-factor is 9.67 and BER is 1.7×10^− 22.

II) Two-stages EDFA:

To improve the gain flatness, the gain and NF, it is recommending to use two-stages EDFA forward pumping configuration, first stage is 980nm pump which has low NF and the second stage is 1480nm pump which has high gain and 0.4nm channel spacing by which this two stage configuration inherits the merits of both stages. The two stage configuration is the best one among the four combinations of the different pumping wavelengths and configurations (backward& forward and 980nm & 1480nm) [11].

The system is analyzed for gain spectrum at different values of first-stage lengths and constant pumping power, while second-stage length of 4m and pump power of 400mw, the results are shown in Table (3) and Fig. (4). It can be observed that, at the same pumping power the gain is increases as EDFA-length increases with a small value and the best value of gain variation is by using 4m first-stage length.

Table (3): Gain for two-stages at different first stage length (2nd stage 4m, 400mw)

	first-stage length EDFA					1st-Pump power
	3m	3.5m	4m	4.5	5m	1st-Pump power
Gain flatness (dB)	0.48	0.26	0.21	0.42	0.7	100(mw)
Gain flatness (dB)	0.52	0.3	0.19	0.38	0.66	150(mw)
Max gain (dB)	41. 6	41.7	41.8	41.9	42	100(mw)
Max gain (dB)	41.8	42	42.13	42.17	42.2	150(mw)

Then, we use constant first-stage length of 4m and different values of second-stage lengths and constant first-stage pump power of 70mw, the results are recorded in Table (4).

It's can be obtained that at the same pump power the minimum value for gain variation is at 3.5m second-stage length and at the same second-stage length of 3.5m at 300mw pump power gives the best result.

Table (4): Gain flatness for 2-stages at different second stage length (1st -stage Pp = 70mw)

	2nd -Pump power	2nd -stage length
	2nd -Pump power	3m	3.5m	4m	4.5	5m
Gain flatness(dB)	200mw	0.19	0.22	0.43	0.68	0.95
	300mw	0.3	0.16	0.3	0.53	0.8
	350mw	0.34	0.16	0.25	0.47	0.74
	370mw	0.36	0.17	0.24	0.45	0.7
	400mw	0.38	0.2	0.23	0.42	0.69

Then we used 4m first-stage length, 3.5m second-stage length and constant pump power of 300mw and different values of first-stage pump power the results are tabulated in Table (5) and gain and NF spectrum are shown in Fig. (5).

Table (5): Gain and NF for 2-stages at different first stage pump power,4m (2nd -stage 3.5m, 300mw)

first-Pump power (mw)	10	25	30	40	70	100	120	150
gain flatness (dB)	0.52	0.22	0.2	0.187	0.156	0.148	0.17	0.19
Max Gain (dB)	35.6	38.8	39.1	39.5	40.1	40.5	40.74	41
Min NF (dB)	3.87	3.43	3.4	3.38	3.37	3.37	3.37	3.37

From Table (5) and Fig. (5) it is found that the gain increases with a small amount as pumping power increases and the value of NF remains almost the same at all pumping power. The minimum value of gain variation is 0.148dB at 100mw first-stage pump power, and the Eye diagram is shown in Fig. (6).

So, the best result for gain flatness, gain and NF of two-stages EDFA by using 4m length and 100mw pumping power for first-stage with 3.5m length and 300mw pumping power for second-stage. This configuration gives a gain of 40.426 ± 0.074dB, NF of 3.46 ± 0.096dB, Q-factor of 9.98 and BER of 8.5×10^− 24.

III) Three-stages EDFA:

The system is now analyzed by using 3-stages forward pumping configuration. It is found that, the best configuration is achieved at; first stage is 980nm pump, the second and third one is 1480nm pump, 0.4nm-spacing, pump power of the second and third stage is 500mw, the optimum values for lengths of the three stages EDFA are 4m first stage, 2m second stage and 2.5m third stage. The gain flatness at different values of first-stage pump power are tabulated in Table (6) and gain and NF shown in Fig. (7) and the Eye diagram is shown in Fig. (8). It can be seen that, best result for gain flatness is obtained at 250mw EDFA-pump power of 0.16dB.

Table (6): Gain and NF for three stages EDFA at different EDFA pump-power

first-Pump power (mw)	10	30	40	100	150	250	500
gain flatness (dB)	0.47	0.23	0.22	0.2	0.18	0.16	0.21
Max Gain (dB)	41.4	44.25	44.5	45.1	45.3	45.7	46.4
Min NF (dB)	3.86	3.4	3.37	3.35	3.35	3.35	3.35

So, the best result for gain flatness, gain and noise figure of three-stages EDFA at 250mw first-stage pump power which has gain of 45.62 ± 0.08dB, noise figure of 3.455 ± 0.105dB, Q-factor of 9.98 and BER of 8.6×10^− 24.

B) RAMAN Amplifier:

We use the second type of amplifier, Raman amplifier only.

I) RFA with one pump wavelength:

The system is analyzed by using RFA pumped at 1444nm for different pump power. The gain spectrum is shown in Fig. (9), we can obtain that the gain increases as pump power increases also the gain variation between different channels increases. The max gain at 900mw is 12.9dB, the Noise Figure is high and about 7dB.

II) RFA with Two pump wavelengths:

we used two pump wavelengths pumped at 1444nm and 1454nm and pump power of 600mw for 1454nm and different pump power for 1444nm the result is shown in Fig. (10). The gain and variation are increased as pump power is increased, the max gain at 900mw is 22dB, the NF is still high and about 7dB as one pump power. The gain flatness is minimum at 800mw of 0.056dB which has gain of 20.38 ± 0.028dB, with Q-factor of 8.56 and BER of 1.23×10^− 18.

C) Hybrid EDFA & RAMAN Amplifier:

The other method for gain is the usage of the hybrid amplifier of EDFA and Raman amplifier.

I) EDFA-Raman (2 pump-RA):

At first, the system is analyzed by using EDFA-Raman hybrid optical amplifier. The first stage is EDFA at 1480nm forward pump and the second stage is10km length of Raman which has two pumps at 1444nm and a1457nm with pumping power of 450mw.At constant EDFA pump power of 100mw and testing different values of EDFA-lengths the gain flatness is shown in Table (7). It can be seen that at 5m EDFA-length gives the minimum value of gain variation.

Table (7): Gain flatness for EDFA-Raman at different EDFA-lengths

EDFA-length	4m	4.5m	5m	5.5m	6m
gain flatness (dB)	0.1	0.1	0.087	0.2	0.3
Max Gain (dB)	36	37.8	39.1	40.3	40.9

Then we used 5m EDFA and different values of pump power gain flatness are tabulated in Table (8) and shown in Fig. (11). It can be seen that gain increases and NF decreases with small value as pump power increases. The best value for gain variation at 100mw pump power of 0.087dB.

Table (8): Gain and NF for EDFA-Raman at different EDFA pump-power

EDFA-Pump power (mw)	10	25	30	40	70	100	150	180
gain flatness (dB)	1	0.43	0.35	0.25	0.12	0.087	0.1	0.13
Max Gain (dB)	30	35.6	36.3	37.14	38.46	39.16	39.9	40.2
Min NF (dB)	4.87	4.46	4.42	4.37	4.29	4.26	4.24	4.23

So, the best result for EDFA-Raman hybrid amplifier is obtained at 5m EDFA pumped at 100mw, which has gain of 39.11 ± 0.0435dB, noise figure of 4.34 ± 0.08dB, Q-factor of 9.7 and BER of 1.2×10^− 22.

II) Raman-EDFA (2 pump-RA):

Then, the system is analyzed by using Raman-EDFA with first stage is 10km length of Raman have two backward pumps at 1444nm and a1457nm at pump power of 450mw and second stage 5m-EDFA at 1480nm forward pump. The results for gain flatness at different values of EDFA Pump power are recorded in Table (9). It can be seen that, best result for gain flatness is obtained at 100mw EDFA-Pump power.

Table (9): Gain and NF for EDFA-Raman (2 pump-RA) at different EDFA pump-power

EDFA-Pump power (mw)	10	25	30	40	70	100	150	180
gain flatness (dB)	1.9	1.33	1.23	1	0.83	0.68	0.52	0.45
Max Gain (dB)	23	28.3	29.23	30.5	32.8	34.15	35.57	36.18
Min NF (dB)	7.07	7.08	7.09	7.1	7.11	7.12	7.13	7.13

So, the best result for Raman-EDFA hybrid amplifier is obtained also at100mw pump power of 0.68dB, which has gain of 33.81 ± 0.34dB, noise figure of 7.205 ± 0.085dB, Q-factor of 8.5 and BER of 4.8×10^− 18.

When comparing two configuration of EDFA-Raman and Raman-EDFA hybrid amplifier, we can obtain that gain flatness, gain, NF, Q-factor and BER at EDFA-Raman performs better that Raman-EDFA hybrid amplifier.

III) EDFA-Raman (3 pump-RA):

We used three pump wavelength for Raman amplifier, the system analyzed by using one stage 5m-length EFDA at 1480nm forward pump and second stage is 10km length of Raman amplifier have three backward pumps at 1444nm,1457nm at pump power of 450mw and a1448nm at pump power of 200mw, the results are recorded in Table (10) and Fig. (12).

Table (10): Gain and NF for EDFA-Raman (3 pump-RA) at different EDFA pump-power

EDFA-Pump power (mw)	10	25	30	40	70	100	150	180
gain flatness (dB)	1	0.39	0.31	0.21	0.109	0.098	0.1	0.11
Max Gain (dB)	33.2	38	38.5	39	40.4	40.9	41.5	41.8
Min NF (dB)	4.88	4.45	4.41	4.4	4.28	4.25	4.23	4.22

The best result for gain variation is obtained at 100mw pump power of 0.098dB, which has gain of 40.851 ± 0.049dB, noise figure of 4.33 ± 0.088dB, Q-factor of 9.7 and BER of 1.2×10^− 22 .

IV) EDFA-Raman (4 pump-RA):

We used four pump wavelength for Raman amplifier, the system analyzed by using one stage 5m-length EFDA at 1480nm forward pump and second stage is 10km length of Raman amplifier have 4 backward pumps at 1444nm,1457nm at pump power of 450mw and a1448nm and 1452nm at pump power of 200mw, the results are recorded in Table (11).

Table (11): Gain flatness for EDFA-Raman (3 pump-RA) at different EDFA pump-power

EDFA-Pump power (mw)	10	25	30	40	70	100	150	180
gain flatness (dB)	1	0.4	0.33	0.25	0.16	0.15	0.2	0.24
Max Gain(dB)	35.5	39.1	39.6	40.1	41	41.4	41.8	42.1
Min NF (dB)	4.88	4.43	4.4	4.33	4.26	4.23	4.21	4.2

The best result for gain flatness is obtained here also at 100mw pump power of 0.15dB, which has gain of 41.325 ± 0.075dB, noise figure of 4.3175 ± 0.0875dB, Q-factor of 9.7 and BER of 1.19×10^− 22.

When comparing two, three and four Pumping-Raman configurations, it is found that gain flatness and gain are high at four Pumping-Raman compared to two and three Pump-Raman. The best configuration is one EDFA-Raman hybrid optical amplifier.

V) EDFA (980nm) - Raman (2 pump):

In [11], we find that 980nm pump wavelength EDFA has low noise figure than 1980nm and the best value of gain flatness is obtained at hybrid EDFA-Raman. Hence, to get the optimum values of gain flatness and low NF we used hybrid EDFA-Raman and EDFA pumped at 980nm forward configuration to get the benefits of both low NF and best gain variation, and the results for 5m EDFA and different values of pump power are tabulated in Table (12) and shown in Fig. (13).

It's obtained that, the best result for gain flatness is at 40mw pump power of 0.089dB.

Table (12): Gain and NF for EDFA-Raman at different EDFA pump-power (5m)

EDFA-Pump power (mw)	10	25	30	40	70	100	150	50
gain flatness (dB)	1.5	0.38	0.26	0.089	0.26	0.39	0.53	0.148
Max Gain (dB)	26.5	35.7	36.6	37.7	39.7	40.7	41.7	38.6
Min NF (dB)	4	3.5	3.5	3.5 + .13	3.52	3.55	3.56	3.5

So, the best result for EDFA (980nm) - Raman (2Pump) hybrid amplifier is obtained at EDFA pumped at 100mw, which has gain of 37.65 ± 0.0445dB, noise figure of 3.56 ± 0.065dB, Q-factor of 9.97 and BER of 9.3×10^− 24.

We have analyzed the 16 channel WDM system at 10 Gb/s with different configuration for hybrid amplifiers of EDFA and RFA at different lengths of EDFA and pump power and pump wavelengths of RFA and get best value of gain flatness for each configuration. The performance of optical amplifiers was evaluated using the gain flatness, gain, NF, Q factor and BER and a comparison between the several techniques is made. We observed that Q-factor and BER is better when used RFA with EDFA and the system with EDFA-RFA hybrid amplifier performs better than the RFA-EDFA hybrid amplifier. It is observed that with increase the number of EDFA-stages or pump wavelengths of RFA the gain increase but the gain variation is also increase. The better value for gain variation can be obtained at 980-EDFA-Raman(2pump) of 0.089dB and the gains are flattened within 37.65 ± 0.0445dB with noise figure within 3.56dB, Q-factor of 9.97 and BER of 9.3×10^− 24.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interests.

Authors' contributions

A. M. Hassan wrote the main manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Funding

No funding was received for this work.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

A. C. Çokrak, A. Altuncu "Gain and noise figure performance of Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)", Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, 4 (2), pp.1111-1122, 2004.
S. K. Liaw, "Investigate C+L Band EDFA/Raman Amplifiers by Using the Same Pump Lasers", 9th Joint International Conference on Information Sciences (JCIS-06), Atlantis Press, 2006.
F. D. Mahad, A. S. M. Supa’at, "EDFA Gain Optimization for WDM System", Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 11 (1), pp. 35-37, 2009.
D. Verma, S. Meena, "Gain Flatness and Bit Error Rate Improvements for an EDFA in WDM System", International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering, 3 (5), pp. 408-412, 2014.
S. Y. Park, H. K. Kim, C. S. Park, S. Y. Shin, "Doped fiber length and pump power of gain-flattened EDFAs", Elect. Lett. 32 (23), p. 2161-2162, 1996.
M. Sharma, V. R. Sharma, "Gain Flattening of EDFA in C-Band using RFA for WDM application", 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), p. 346-351, 2015.
P. Bagga, H. Sarangal "Analysis of DWDM System with Hybrid Amplifiers at Different Transmission Distance" Int J Res Electr Comput Eng (IJRECE), 3 (1), 2015.
H. Aghababaeian, T. Toosi, N. Granpayeh, "Gain Broadening Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for WDM Networks" 1,2-Optics Research Group, Telecommunication Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
S. F. Su, R. Olshansky, D. A. Smith, J. E Baran, "Flattening of Erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain spectrum using an acousto-optic tunable filter", Electro. Lett, 29 (5), p. 477-478, 1993.
A. M. Hassan, A. Aboshosha, and M. B. El_Mashade, "Analysis of Gain and NF using Raman and hybrid RFA-EDFA", Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 4 (10), 2017.
M. B. El-Mashade, A. Mohamed, "Characteristics Evaluation of Multi-Stage Optical Amplifier EDFA", Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 19(4), p. 1-20, 2017.

No competing interests reported.

Gain Flatness of Amplifier in C-Band using EDFA and RFA for WDM System

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

I. Introduction

Ii. Simulation Setup (System Design)

III. Simulation Results

Iv. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1