The 310 patients that made up our study sample had an average age of 61.54 years and a standard deviation of 15.17 years. Males made up 194 patients (63%), while females made up 116 patients (37%). Only two patients drank alcohol, and 155 patients (or 50%) of the patients smoked. The other 153 patients (or 49% of the patients) did not have any of these behaviors. When questioned about their medical history, we discovered that 126 patients had chronic lung disease, two had hyperlipidemia, 22 had renal disease, 38 had heart disease, 129 had arterial hypertension, 92 had diabetes, which accounted for 30% of cases, and 57 had no history of any illness. (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the patients.
Age, mean (SD) | 61.54 (± 15.17) |
Gender | |
Male | 194 (63) |
Female | 116 (37) |
Habits | |
Smoking | 155 (50) |
Alcohol | 2 (1) |
Nothing | 153 (49) |
Comorbidities | |
Chronic respiratory disease | 126 (41) |
Hyperlipidemia | 2 (1) |
Renal disease | 22 (7) |
Cardiac disease | 38 (12) |
hypertension | 129 (42) |
Diabetes | 92 (30) |
Nothing | 57 (18) |
We discovered two patients with Echinococcus, three patients with pulmonary edema, four patients with pulmonary fibrosis, 38 patients with bronchiectasis, 18 patients with tuberculosis, 25 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or 8%, and 36 patients with asthma, or 12% of the total number of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. (Table 2).
Table 2
Chronic respiratory disease.
Chronic respiratory disease | N (%) |
Echinococcus | 2 (1) |
Pulmonary edema | 3 (1) |
Pulmonary fibrosis | 4 (1) |
Bronchiectasis | 38 (12) |
Tuberculosis | 18 (6) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 25 (8) |
Asthma | 36 (12) |
Shortness of breath was the most prevalent symptom reported by patients during their infection with the coronavirus, affecting 292 patients (94% of them); high fever was the second most prevalent symptom, affecting 262 patients (85%); and fatigue was the third most prevalent symptom, affecting 258 patients (83%). Additionally, dry cough was more frequently observed than cough-producing sputum, appearing in 171 individuals (55%), as opposed to 78 patients (25%). Regarding gastrointestinal problems, there were 43 patients who experienced diarrhea compared to just 3 patients who experienced constipation, or 14% and 1%, respectively. Lack of appetite was the most prevalent digestive complaint, affecting 109 individuals (35%). 49 patients experienced a headache (16%), while 69 patients experienced chest pain (22%).
We observed that the majority of patients (192) had recovered from the virus at a rate of 62%, whereas the remaining 118 patients had died at a rate of 38% after being followed to determine how the viral infection impacted them. (Table 3).
Table 3
Patients' clinical manifestations and prognosis
Clinical manifestation | |
Constipation | 3 (1) |
Diarrhea | 43 (14) |
Nausea | 30 (10) |
Vomiting | 33 (11) |
Loss of appetite | 109 (35) |
Abdominal pain | 29 (9) |
Headache | 49 (16) |
Hyperthermia | 262 (85) |
Dry cough | 171 (55) |
Productive cough | 78 (25) |
Dyspnea | 292 (94) |
Chest pain | 69 (22) |
Fatigue | 258 (83) |
Prognosis | |
Discharged | 192 (62) |
Death | 188 (38) |
In the sample patients, the average systolic pressure was 112 mm/g, the average temperature was 38 degrees Celsius, and the average blood oxygen saturation was 78%. The average heartbeat for patients was 95 beats per minute. The average rate of breathing was 31 times per minute. 13,393 leukocytes were the average number of leukocytes in each patient. Patients in the sample had neutrophils with an average value of 84%, lymphocytes with an average value of only 14%, and after averaging the results of other blood tests, patients had an average of 256,000 platelets with an average hemoglobin value of 11.8 mg/dL. Electrolyte averages, such as those for sodium, potassium, and chlorine, were 137.36, 4.08, and 100.26 correspondingly. (Table 4).
Table 4
Patients' laboratory values.
Laboratory values | Mean (SD) |
Oxygen saturation | 78 (± 14) |
Fever | 38 (± 0.92) |
Systolic blood pressure | 112 (± 19) |
Pulse | 95 (± 18) |
Respiratory rate | 31 (± 8) |
WBCs count | 13393 (± 9161) |
Neutrophils | 84 (± 9) |
Lymphocyte | 14 (± 9) |
Hemoglobin | 11.8 (± 2) |
Platelet | 256 (± 115) |
Glucose | 181.48 (± 95.66) |
Creatinine | 1.5 (± 1.18) |
Urea | 57.5 (± 45.6) |
Sodium | 137.36 (± 5.6) |
Potassium | 4.08 (± 0.7) |
Chlore | 100.26 (± 4.89) |
We investigated the association between the high rate of symptoms in these patients and the presence of chronic lung diseases, and we discovered a statistically significant correlation between the presence of these chronic lung diseases and heat, productive cough, chest pain, and loss of taste and smell, where the proportions of patients who experienced these symptoms and had chronic lung diseases were higher than the proportions of those who did not. The proportions of the remaining symptoms were similar in patients with and without chronic lung illnesses, so we were unable to detect any statistically significant associations between them and the existence of chronic respiratory illness. (Table 5)
Table 5
The connection between the presence of CRD and clinical manifestations.
Clinical manifestation | Chronic respiratory disease | P value |
Yes | No |
Constipation | | | 0.169 |
Yes | 0 (0.00) | 3 (2) | |
No | 119 (100) | 188 (98) | |
Diarrhea | | | 0.867 |
Yes | 17 (14) | 26 (14) | |
No | 102 (86) | 165 (86) | |
Nausea | | | 0.164 |
Yes | 8 (7) | 22 (12) | |
No | 111 (93) | 169 (88) | |
Vomiting | | | 0.077 |
Yes | 8 (7) | 25 (13) | |
No | 111 (93) | 166 (87) | |
Abdominal pain | | | 0.727 |
Yes | 12 (10) | 17 (9) | |
No | 107 (90) | 174 (91) | |
Loss of appetite | | | 0.487 |
Yes | 39 (33) | 70 (37) | |
No | 80 (67) | 121 (63) | |
Headache | | | 0.703 |
Yes | 20 (17) | 29 (15) | |
No | 99 (83) | 162 (85) | |
Hyperthermia | | | 0.016* |
Yes | 108 (91) | 154 (81) | |
No | 11 (9) | 37 (19) | |
Dry cough | | | 0.306 |
Yes | 70 (59) | 101 (53) | |
No | 49 (41) | 90 (47) | |
Productive cough | | | 0.0012* |
Yes | 42 (35) | 36 (19) | |
No | 77 (65) | 155 (81) | |
Dyspnea | | | 0.586 |
Yes | 111 (93) | 181 (95) | |
No | 8 (7) | 10 (5) | |
Chest pain | | | < 0.0001* |
Yes | 44 (37) | 25 (13) | |
No | 75 (63) | 166 (87) | |
Fatigue | | | 0.062 |
Yes | 105 (88) | 153 (80) | |
No | 14 (12) | 38 (20) | |
By examining the relationship between different chronic lung diseases and coronavirus prognosis in patients, we discovered a statistically significant association between recovery and patients with asthma. The recovery rate in these patients was 16%, compared to 5% of patients who had died, yielding a p value of 0.0049. Regarding TB, the proportion of patients who passed away from the illness was higher than the proportion who recovered (9% vs 4%), yielding a p value of 0.038. The rates of recovery and death in these individuals were converging. We could not detect a correlation between the other lung illnesses and the disease warning in those infected with the coronavirus. (Table 6).
Table 6
The connection between the presence of CRD and prognosis.
Chronic respiratory diseases | Prognosis | P value |
Discharge | Death |
Echinococcus | | | 0.727 |
Yes | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | |
No | 191 (99) | 117 (99) | |
Pulmonary edema | | | 0.305 |
Yes | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | |
No | 191 (99) | 116 (98) | |
Pulmonary fibrosis | | | 0.125 |
Yes | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | |
No | 191 (99) | 115 (97) | |
Bronchiectasis | | | 0.868 |
Yes | 24 (13) | 14 (12) | |
No | 168 (87) | 104 (88) | |
Tuberculosis | | | 0.038* |
Yes | 7 (4) | 11 (9) | |
No | 185 (96) | 107 (91) | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | | | 0.130 |
Yes | 19 (10) | 6 (5) | |
No | 173 (90) | 112 (95) | |
Asthma | | | 0.0049* |
Yes | 30 (16) | 6 (5) | |
No | 162 (84) | 112 (95) | |