Video Streaming in VANETs is considered to be arduous because of the massive flow of data between the nodes involved. This data flow should be administered with a systematic approach in such a way that they do not violate the properties of VANET. The timings of the data flow must be kept intact so that the data reaches the driver in time, and the mishappening or a particular value-added service can be performed.
Singh [18] has proposed a few basic requirements that a researcher must contemplate when designing a protocol for the streaming of video. The following requirements are considered, such as scalability, effectiveness, efficiency, dissemination delay, delay tolerant dissemination, and robustness, while designing a protocol that enables video streaming.
Ali et al. [2] have compared the proactive and reactive mechanisms for routing the video streams in the VANET systems. They also discussed how the routing process is affected by the density of vehicles in rural and urban areas.
Soldo et al. [19] proposed a few precepts for the Video Streaming such as,
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The coverage area is augmented by a selection of the relay nodes
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The relay nodes are scheduled in a TDMA fashion
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Streaming video is performed by scheduled access
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Access for Streaming video
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Contention based access for the most exceptional effort traffic
Cherkaoui et al. [4] have proposed that the spectrum availability in urban infrastructure is comparatively rare; the primal issue to guarantee a high content delivery network in VANET is the interference problem. They also intimidated that every node in the VANET receiving the video stream will rebroadcast it, and this increases the interference. This leads to an increase in packet loss, and thereby the quality of the video is abated.
Liu et al. [25] has focused on the realtime multiview broadcast in VANETs and formulated it into an optimization problem to maximize the quality of video received by the users. They explored the characteristics of the VANET channel, such as the correlations inside multiview and the popularity of the video to present an algorithm called RMV, which resolves the difficulty in optimization.
Guo et al. [7] proposed an architecture that consists of two divisions: a video source trigger sub-system and a video data transfer subsystem. In their architecture, a signaling mechanism continuously triggers the video sources and sends it to the receivers—moreover, a storecarry-and-forward approach to exchange video data in a partitioned network ecosystem.
To effectively enhance the network's resource allocation, a cross-layer approach called "interference and rate-aware directional broadcasting (IRDB)" is developed. It has the advantage of decreasing interference, while also reducing resource use. These directional antennas are used in multi-rate wireless networks to address routing, beam-channel selection, space/time division multiple accessing, and admission control issues [26]. It can achieve spatial diversity enables nearby nodes to share the same physical wireless channel.
If appropriate routing protocols (RPs) are utilised, a higher QoS in video applications may be possible. In this research, four routing protocols for VANETs were compared and examined [27]. Finding an effective RP that can provide improved QoS for video streaming applications while minimising the number of nodes required was the goal.
But, there are still a lot of issues such as packet delay and packet loss. However, they are unable to fully utilise the RTP servers and players that are already available for Internet video streaming. To overcome the high packet loss rate of VANETs, change the RTP using the erasure coding (EC) approach [28]. The first converter sits on the line separating the Internet from VANETs, and the protocol is known as EC-RTP [28]. It takes the RTP packets it receives from the Internet and converts them into EC-RTP packets that are distributed among the cars. Receiving EC-RTP packets, the second converter converts them back to RTP packets, and then transmits them to the RTP player.
To choose the ideal multicast/broadcast routing tree, antenna beam, and transmission channel concurrently, the "Minimum Interference and Transmission Tree with Directional Antenna (MITT-DA) [29]" Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation is used. A comprehensive model that accommodates both directional and omni-directional antennas is the MITT-DA that has been proposed. Also, it optimizes both inter-flow and intra-flow interferences.
The VIdeo Reactive Tracking-based UnicaSt (VIRTUS) [30] utilises the receiver-based solutions' reactive features while maintaining scalability to changes in transmission rates and density. This is taken into account by VIRTUS, which changes the nodes' decision to transfer packets from a single transmission to a temporal frame.
The use of Reed Solomon to provide quick responses to move requests is perfect in the case of video traffic, which is frequently regarded as a high priority and necessitates minimal latency. All channels must comply with QoS in order to use Rayleigh in a video network. BW, Latency, and Jitter are some significant QoS characteristics that typically catch our attention [32]. The amount of time it takes for a packet to arrive at its destination is crucial for high latency streaming, which also somewhat degrades visual quality. It also causes delays in opening streams when it is too high. A "lack of BW" is frequently seen when there is a latency issue. Due to the first channel's shorter latency, while having just twice the bandwidth (BW) of the second, they appeared to have ten times more (RTT from 30ms). Although it difficulties any connection since the channel anticipates a tiny variable latency and deems the packet lost if it delays arriving, jitter causes more obvious streaming issues. The application has the choice to use a "jitter buffer" when streaming video [32].
Our proposed work is fabricated on the below layers, which provides a base schema for transmission and reception of the video stream. This proposed work has a greater tendency to dethrone the existing protocol, which relies on the process of video streaming.