Assessment of Casuarina clones and intercrops in agroforestry

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2141586/v1

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Assessment of Casuarina clones and intercrops in agroforestry

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2141586/v1

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Casuarinas is one of the most important tree species ideal for agroforestry due to its nitrogen-fixing ability, desirable stem form, fast growth and light crown characteristics. Identification of suitable tree-crop combinations is important for maximizing the resource use efficiency of the components. In the present study, we assessed the growth performance of Casuarina clones and yield performance of intercrops for agroforestry. The field experiment consists of eight Casuarina hybrid clones planted ain row-column design with a spacing of 3 m × 2 m in three replications. Horse gram and cowpea were intercropped between tree rows during October 2021 and April 2022. Clone CH2 recorded a higher height and girth at breast height (8.41 m and 25 cm, respectively) at the end of experiment. The clones CH2, CH4 and CH5 performed better in quantitative parameters compared to the clones HPF, CJ9 and MTP. The green pod yield and biomass yield of cowpea were found higher in sole crop (8235 kg ha^− 1 and 5840 kg ha^− 1) and it was lower under CH1 (2763 kg ha^− 1 and 1683 kg ha^− 1). It was evident that the yield of intercrops was lower under the clones which performed well with respect to growth parameters. This may be attributed to the shade effect caused by the Casuarina trees on the intercrops.

Agroforestry

Casuarina clones

intercrops

Growth parameters

Forests are significant players in everyone’s everyday life irrespective of one’s location or locality. Forests are rich sources of energy, housing, fuelwood, timber, non-timber forest products and other goods and services. However, the demand for wood and wood products has increased rapidlywith economic development coupled with the associated urbanization and industrialization. The demand for roundwood in India is likely to grow from 53 million cu.m. in 2020 to 98 million cu.m. in 2030 (Kant and Nautiyal2021). But the production potential of Indian forests for wood generation is restricted to about 0.7 cubic meters/hectare/year compared to the world average of 2.1 cubic meters/hectare/year (Bijalwan and Dobriyal2015). This results in a huge gap between the demand and supply of wood.

To meet this rising demand, India needs to make sustainable use of vast and underutilized land resources, available in the form of cultivable wastelands, fallow lands and much of the agricultural land available to the farmers under farm forestry (Shrivastavaand Saxena2017). As land is a limiting resource, farm area expansion is impossible. Enhancing the efficiency of farms by planting and integrating fast-growing trees under farm forestry and agroforestry is a reasonable and realistic alternative to meet the ever-increasing demand for wood (Bijalwan and Dobriyal 2015). The Government of India announced an exclusive Agroforestry Policy in 2014, which identified short rotation forestry as one of the strategies to promote agroforestry in the country.

Clonal forestry has a significant contribution to industries like paper, packaging, tissue, paperboard, plywood, veneer, etc., which use wood as a raw material. Industrial agroforestry plantations with fast-growing tree species such as Poplar, Eucalyptus, Willow, Leucaena, Casuarina, Bamboo and Melia are ideal species that can be grown commercially on private lands (Hussnain et al. 2020). According to FAO, nearly 45 per cent of India’s forest plantations are fast-growing, short-rotation species. 33 per cent of round wood around the world comes from plantations of fast-growing trees from only 5–7 per cent area (Prasad et al. 2009).

Casuarinas are one of the most important tree species for the production of high-yielding wood biomass for fiber, rayon and energy needs (Hegde 1993). Casuarinas are widely planted in the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean countries because of their ready adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions and also for their rapid growth performance (Warrier 2010). India is the largest Casuarina growing country in the world, with an estimated 800,000 ha of plantations (Pinyopusarerk and Williams 2000). There are more than 500,000 hectare area under plantations of casuarina. India’s major Casuarina planting states are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala, Gujarat, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka (Ravi et al. 2013).

Among the 96 species of trees and shrubs in the family Casuarinaceae, Casuarina equisetifolia has gained much attention due to its multiple end-uses and recently C. junghuhniana is also gaining momentum because of its use and adaptability (Turnbull, 1990).There is an increasing tendency to grow multipurpose species of Casuarina either as agroforestry trees on farmland or fuel wood blocks on wasteland (Chavan et al. 2018). The nitrogen-fixing ability, desirable stem form, fast growth and light crown characteristics make Casuarinas an ideal tree for agroforestry (Saravanan et al. 2012; Viswanath et al. 2001).

Versatile casuarina hybrid clones provide new opportunities for improving the productivity of Casuarina plantations through selection and breeding. The excellent coppicing ability makes it amenable for clonal forestry. Clonal plantations raised from casuarina hybrids readily root and quickly establish in plantations as well as in any form of agroforestry practices after planting. In India and many other countries, Casuarinas are planted and harvested at 5 to 10 years of rotation (Hussnain et al. 2020).

Growing associated crops in the interspaces of tree rows is attractive to farmers since it permits harvesting of some intermediary products which fetches short-term profitability while maintaining the planted trees and enables efficient utilization of the land. The land use system which integrates trees, crops and animals in a way that is scientifically sound, ecologically desirable, practically feasible and socially acceptable to farmers is termed agroforestry (Nair, 1993). The aboveground and belowground resource sharing between different components in agroforestry will lead to positive, negative or neutral type of interaction between component mixtures.

When annual and perennial crops are grown on the same unit of land, they will influence the growth and development of each other and affects the overall performance than when these are grown as sole crops. Understanding the interactions between different components of these agroforestry practices is necessary to increase productivity, minimize the negative interactions and develop successful agroforestry practices specific to the respective agro-climatic region. Developing suitable tree-crop combinations and assessing productivity is the major field to be considered in agroforestry.

Site description

The experiment was conducted at the Main Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station (MAHRS)Iruvakki, Shivamogga district of Karnataka state. The experimental site is situated at 14^o02'51.261" N, latitude; 75^o11'56.714" E longitudes and altitude of 670 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The research station comes under the Hilly Agro-climatic Zone (HZ-IX) of Karnataka. The experimental site has a tropical sub-humid climate. The mean minimum temperature during study period was 16.7°C and the mean maximum temperature was 33.60°C. Theannual average rainfall of the area during the study period was 185.54 mm with 123 rainy days. The site has very deep and well-drained soils which are dark red with a clay loam texture.

Details of the experiment

Assessment of performance of Casuarina clones

The experiment was conducted in a two-year-old Casuarina clone planted in July 2019 with three replications. The total area of the experimental plot is 0.27 hectares. Eight Casuarina clones were planted according to Row-Column Design in three replication with a spacing of 3 m × 2 m. Among the eight clones, six Casuarina clones were developed at the Institute of Forest Genetics, and Tree Breeding, (IFGTB), Coimbatore; one Casuarina clone was developed at Forest College and Research Institute (FCRI), Mettupalayam; and one casuarina clone was developed from HariharaPolyfibre, Harihara (Grassim Industry).

Assessment of yield performance of crops

To assess the suitability of crop cultivation between the rows of trees, horse gram and cowpea were sown in October 2021 and April 2022. After the land preparation, sowing was done in the interspaces of tree rows and also outside the tree plantation as the sole agricultural crop. Horse gram was broadcasted at the rate of 40 kg ha^− 1 and cowpea was line sowed at the rate of 25 kg ha ^− 1. Intercrops were sown leaving a distance of 0.5 m from the tree row.

Observations

The total height and girth at breast height (GBH), of each tree in the treatment both before and after the intercropping. The total height was measured using a hypsometer and was expressed in meters. GBH was measured using girth tape and was expressed in centimeters. The crown projection area (CPA) is the proportion of the forest floor that is covered by the vertical projection of the tree crowns. CPA is calculated from the maximum crown diameter assuming a circular crown projection (Kuuluvainen1991).

The performance of the intercrops was assessed by considering the above-ground biomass and crop yield at the time of crop harvest.Grain yield in horse gram, green pod yield in cowpea and biomass yield of horse gram and cowpea were recorded by randomly laying out a plot of 1 m × 1 m in each treatment and in sole crop and extrapolated to a per hectare basis and were expressed in kg ha^− 1.

The land equivalent ratio (LER2) for each system is calculated under the assumption that the economic importance is given solely by the annual crop and the yield of trees is generally regarded as a supplementary profit (Seserman et al. 2018). Consequently, the difference in crop yield resulting from the presence of trees relative to the yield of the sole crop was determined according to Ong and Kho (1996). If LER2 > 0 then the production in the agroforestry system is higher than the one in a monoculture system.

$$LER2= \frac{Yield agroforestry system-Yield crop reference }{Yield crop reference}$$

The harvest index of a crop represents the increased physiological capacity of the crop to mobilize photosynthates and translocate them into organs having economic yield. Here harvest index (%) for each crop was determined according to the method described by El niam (2018)

$$Harvest Index=\frac{Economic Yield}{Biological yield }\times 100$$

Data analysis

Data on clonal growth parameters and qualitative parameters were subjected to REML analysis in GENSTAT5 version 3.2 by following the standard analysis procedure given by Williams et al. (2002). Crop and soil parameters were subjected to two-way ANOVA.

Growth performance of Casuarina clones

The results showed that the total height and GBH of Casuarina hybrid clones before and after the intercropping of horse gram and cowpea significantly varied among treatments (Table 1 and Table 2). Before intercropping of horse gram, the clones CH2 and CH5 recorded a higher height of 7.51 m and 6.73 m, respectively. The clone MTP and HPF recorded lowest height of 3.71 m and 3.79 m. After intercropping of horse gram, height was higher in clone CH2 (7.80 m) followed by CH5 and CH4 (6.92 m and 6.84 m, respectively). It was lower in MTP and HPF which were on par with each other (3.76 m and 3.84 m, respectively).

Table 1

Total height of Casuarina hybrid clones before and after intercropping
Clones	Height (m)
Clones	BS1	AH1	BS2	AH2
CH1	6.40^cd	6.52^cd	6.64^cd	6.76^cd
CH2	7.51^e	7.80^e	8.11^e	8.41^e
CH3	5.64^bc	5.73^bc	5.82^bc	5.91^bc
CH4	6.69^de	6.84^de	7.10^d	7.12^d
CH5	6.73^de	6.92^de	6.98^d	7.28^d
MTP	3.71^a	3.76^a	3.81^a	3.86^a
CJ9	4.86^b	4.92^b	4.98^b	5.00^b
HPF	3.79^a	3.84^a	3.86^a	3.89^a
S Em ±	0.251	0.253	0.250	0.251
LSD (0.05)	0.992	0.992	0.992	0.992
BS1- Height of the clones before sowing of Horse gram, AH1- Height of the clones after harvesting of Horse gram, BS2- Height of the clones before sowing of Cowpea, AH2- Height of the clones after harvesting of Cowpea
LSD-Least Significant Difference, Figures with similar letters as superscript do not differ significantly

Table 2

Girth at Breast Height of Casuarina hybrid clones before and after intercropping
Clones	GBH (cm)
Clones	BS1	AH1	BS2	AH2
CH1	14.58^cd	16.37^c	18.77^d	20.87^d
CH2	18.66^e	20.65^d	22.88^e	25.00^e
CH3	11.63^bc	13.21^b	14.93^c	16.60^bc
CH4	15.72^de	17.23^c	19.09^d	20.84^d
CH5	15.70^de	16.87^c	18.12^d	18.54^cd
MTP	6.87^a	7.69^a	9.57^ab	10.27^a
CJ9	10.45^b	11.37^b	12.38^bc	13.37^a
HPF	7.24^a	8.04^a	9.09^a	10.01^a
S Em ±	2.31	2.35	2.43	3.01
LSD (0.05)	3.02	3.04	3.08	3.41
BS1- Girth at breast height of the clones before sowing of Horse gram, AH1- Girth at breast height of the clones after harvesting of Horse gram, BS2- Girth at breast height of the clones before sowing of Cowpea, AH2- Girth at breast height of the clones after harvesting of Cowpea
LSD-Least Significant Difference, Figures with similar letters as superscript do not differ significantly

Before intercropping of cowpea, the Clone CH2 showed the highest height (8.11 m). The height of clones CH4 and CH5 were on par with each other (7.10 m and 6.98 m, respectively). The lowest height was recorded in MTP (3.81 m) and HPF (3.86 m). After intercropping of cowpea, the clone CH2 recorded a higher height (8.41 m) followed by the clones CH5 and CH4 (7.28 m and 7.12 m, respectively) and the least was observed in MTP (3.86 m).

Before horse gram intercropping, higher GBH of the clone CH2 (18.66 cm) was recorded followed by CH4 and CH5 (15.72 cm and 15.70 cm, respectively) and the least was found in MTP and HPF (6.87 cm and 7.24 cm, respectively).After the harvest of horse gram, higher GBH was recorded in CH2 (20.65 cm) followed by CH4 and CH5 (17.23 cm and 16.87 cm, respectively). The least GBH was recorded in clones, MTP and HPF (7.69 cm and 8.04 cm, respectively).

Before intercropping of the cowpea, the GBH was recorded higher in the clone CH2 (22.88 m) and the GBH of clones CH1 and CH5 were on par with each other (18.77 cm and 18.12 cm, respectively). After the harvest of cowpea, higher GBH was recorded in CH2 (25.00 cm) and the GBH of clones CH1 and CH4 were on par with each other (20.87 cm and 20.84 cm, respectively). The lowest GBH was recorded in HPF (10.01 cm) (Table 2).

There was a significant difference in CPA of hybrid clones before intercropping and the results are depicted in Table 3. Before the intercropping of horse gram, a higher CPA was recorded in CH2 (11.76 m²) followed by CH4 and CH5 (7.42 m² and 7.11 m²) and the least CPA was recorded in HPF (2.91 m²). After the harvest of horse gram, the clone CH2 (11.74 m²) showed a higher CPA followed by CH1, CH5 and CH4 (6.99 m², 6.98 m² and 6.36 m²_, respectively). It was lower in HPF (3.11 m²) and CH3 (3.41 m²).

Table 3

Crown Projection Area (CPA) of Casuarina hybrid clones before and after intercropping
Clones	Crown Projection Area (m²)
Clones	BS1	AH1	BS2	AH2
CH1	6.95^b	6.99^b	7.91^b	8.52^b
CH2	11.76^c	11.74^c	12.70^c	13.76^c
CH3	4.43^a	3.41^a	4.79^a	5.53^a
CH4	7.42^b	6.36^b	8.45^b	9.85^b
CH5	7.11^b	6.98^b	7.45^b	8.45^b
MTP	5.22^ab	4.59^ab	2.80^a	3.32^a
CJ9	5.42^ab	5.22^ab	8.23^b	9.16^b
HPF	2.91^a	3.11^a	3.33^a	3.92^a
SEm ±	1.16	1.15	1.142	1.31
LSD (0.05)	3.64	2.70	2.10	2.26
BS1- CPA of the clones before sowing of Horse gram, AH1- CPA of the clones after harvesting of Horse gram, BS2- CPA of the clones before sowing of Cowpea, AH2- CPA of the clones after harvesting of Cowpea
LSD-Least Significant Difference, Figures with similar letters as superscript do not differ significantly

Before intercropping of second crop cowpea, higher CPA was found in CH2 (12.70 m²) followed by CH4, CH1 and CH5 (8.45 m², 7.91 m²and 7.45 m², respectively). After the harvest of cowpea, a higher CPA was recorded in CH2 (13.76 m²) followed by CH4 (9.85 m²) and the lowest CPA was recorded in MTP (3.32 m²).

Yield performance of horse gram in Casuarina hybrid clone as well as in sole crop

There was no significant difference in above ground biomass and grain yield of horse gram under different treatments. The above ground biomass yield from different treatments ranged from 818.50 kg ha^− 1 to 1420.00 kg ha^− 1. Among the treatments, the grain yield was found higher under the clone CH3 (543.83 kg ha^− 1) and HPF (540.13 kg ha^− 1), while it was lowest under CH2 (300.53 kg ha^− 1) (Table 4).

Table 4

Yield performance of horse gram in Casuarina hybrid clone as well as sole crop
Treatment	Grain Yield (kg ha^− 1)	Biomass (kg ha^− 1)	LER2	Harvest Index (%)
Sole	401.13	1146.00	-	26.80
CH1	392.30	935.87	-0.02	30.88
CH2	300.53	818.50	-0.25	26.62
CH3	543.83	1420.00	0.36	27.76
CH4	459.40	970.20	0.15	32.18
CH5	360.43	937.60	-0.10	26.97
MTP	458.60	1105.00	0.14	29.74
CJ9	398.70	829.40	-0.01	32.40
HPF	540.13	1164.00	0.35	30.06
S.Em ±	95.077	219.275	-	-
CD (0.05)	NS	NS	-
LER2- Land Equivalent Ratio; CD- Critical Difference

Yield performance of cowpea in Casuarina hybrid clone as well as in sole crop

The results revealed that the above ground biomass and green pod yield of cowpea varied significantly under different treatments. The biomass yield was higher under sole crop (5840 kg ha^− 1) followed by biomass under HPF (4745 kg ha^− 1) and CJ9 (4218 kg ha^− 1) and relatively lower biomass was recorded under CH1 (1683 kg ha^− 1) and CH2 (2067 kg ha^− 1). The green pod yield was higher under sole crop (8235 kg ha^− 1), MTP (5285 kg ha^− 1), HPF (5070 kg ha^− 1) and CJ9 (5054 kg ha^− 1). It was found lower under CH2 (2866 kg ha^− 1) (Table 5).

Table 5

Yield performance of cowpea in Casuarina hybrid clone as well as sole crop
Treatment	Green pod Yield (kg ha^− 1)	Biomass Yield (kg ha^− 1)	LER2	Harvest Index (%)
Sole	8235^e	5840^c	-	59.00
CH1	2763^a	1683^a	-0.66	62.01
CH2	2866^ab	2067^a	-0.65	58.86
CH3	3302^ab	3133^ab	-0.60	51.50
CH4	3587^ab	2857^ab	-0.56	55.24
CH5	4000^bc	2950^ab	-0.51	58.23
MTP	5285^d	3202^ab	-0.36	62.15
CJ9	5054^cd	4218^bc	-0.39	54.62
HPF	5070^cd	4745^bc	-0.38	52.18
S.Em ±	355.115	582.778	⁻	⁻
CD (0.05)	1064.636	1747.167	-	⁻
LER2- Land Equivalent Ratio; CD- Critical Difference

Land Equivalent Ratio (LER₂) and Harvest index of horse gram and cowpea in different treatments

After intercropping of horse gram, the values obtained for LER under the clones CH3 (0.36), CH4 (0.15), MTP (0.14) and HPF (0.35) were higher than their specific threshold (i.e., zero). After the intercropping of the cowpea, the calculated LER for all the treatments was below zero. The clone MTP (-0.36), CJ9 (-0.39) and HPF (-0.38) showed an LER value near zero (Table 4).

After intercropping of horse gram the value of HI ranged from 26.62–32.40%. The HI was higher under CJ9 and it was lower under CH2. After the intercropping of cowpea, the value of HI under different treatments ranged from 51.50–62.15%. A higher value of HI was found under the clone MTP and it was lower under CH3 (Table 5).

Growth performance of Casuarina clones

The growth parameters such as height and GBH were recorded before and after intercropping of the horse gram and cowpea. Significant differences were observed in quantitative traits among the clones. For the quantitative growth parameters, the clone CH2 showed a better performance than other clones, while the clones MTP and HPF showed consistently lower performance. Similar results were observed by Hussnain et al. (2020) where the growth parameters of clones varied significantly and the interspecific hybrids CH2, CH4 and CH5 outperformed the others. The growth performance of clones CH2, CH4 and CH5 may be attributed due to wider adaptability of the clones to the site conditions, resource use efficiency and desired combination of parental characters possessed by interspecific hybrids than intraspecific hybrids as mentioned in the earlier studies by Kannan et al. (2012) and Nicodemus et al. (2013).

The tree crown size determines tree’s growth, shading and risk of wind breaking. The Crown projection area is one of the component to determine crown size. In the present study, the CPA varied significantly among the clones before and after intercropping.

Yield performance of intercrops

There was no significant effect of treatments on grain and biomass yield of horse gram. The grain and biomass yield was comparatively higher under the clones CH3 (543.83 kg ha^− 1 and 1420.00 kg ha^− 1) and HPF (540.13 kg ha^− 1 and 1164.00 kg ha^− 1). But both grain and biomass yields were lower under the clone CH2 (300.53 kg ha^− 1 and 818.50 kg ha^− 1). The relatively higher yield under CH3 and HPF may be due to the beneficial interaction of the components.

The green pod yield and biomass yield of cowpea were significantly higher under sole crop than that under clones. Among the treatments, the green pod yield was higher under the sole crop (8235 kg ha^− 1) and it was lower under the clone CH2 (2866 kg ha^− 1). The reduction in yield may be due to competition of crops under the tree canopy for light, water and nutrients. The yield reduction in pulses in intercropping with trees was also reported by Ajaykumaret al.(2021), Bhusaraet al.(2018)and Nandal and Hooda(2005).

It was observed that, among the clones, the grain and biomass yield was higher under those clones which performed poorly in terms of height growth. This could be due to insolation which increase in the rate of photosynthesis and may be caused more accumulation of crop biomass/yield. With the advancement in height and crown expansion of trees, the shading effects on the crop had increased, which in turn affected the photosynthetic efficiency of the crop resulting in lower vegetative growth and lesser grain yield as compared to the sole crop (Singh et al. 2019). So if the canopy is properly managed the yield reduction in intercropping with trees can be reduced.

The productivity of the tree-crop system can also be evaluated using LER2 with an emphasis on the yield of annual crops as a principal economical product. In the present study, after intercropping of horse gram, the values obtained for LER2 under the clones CH3 (0.36), HPF (0.35), CH4 (0.15) and MTP (0.14) and were higher than their specific threshold (i.e., zero), indicating their greater productivity than sole cropping. The higher LER2 value was ascribed due to a higher grain yield when compared to the sole crop.

After the intercropping of cowpea, the calculated LER2 for all the treatments was below zero. The clone MTP (-0.36), HPF (-0.38) and CJ9 (-0.39) showed an LER₂ value near zero. The negative LER2 was due to higher grain yield in sole crops compared to other treatments. The less negativity of LER2 under these three clones may be attributed due to the high cowpea grain yield compared to other clones.

In the present study, after intercropping of horse gram the value of HI ranged from 26.62–32.40%. The HI was higher under CJ9 and it was lower under CH2. Relatively low HI may be a result of high levels of total dry matter but relatively low grain yield of horse gram.

After the intercropping of cowpea, the value of HI under different treatments ranged from 51.50–62.15%. A higher value of HI was found under the clone MTP and it was lower under CH3. The better HI value might be due to the comparable biological and economic yield of cowpea under different treatments.

In the current experiment, the clones CH2, CH4 and CH5 performed better compared to the clones HPF, CJ9 and MTP due to its better parental combinations of desired genes andgreater adaptability. The results also revealed that up to three years intercrop cultivation can be carried out under Casuarina clones after which the crown closure might affect the yield of the crops. By proper canopy management practices the yield reduction in intercrops under Casuarina clones can be reduced to a certain extent.

Further, economic analysis could be carried out for agroforestry systems to know the feasibility of the system; and identification of suitable intercrops apart from pulses could be evaluated under different cassuarinaclones.

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No competing interests reported.

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Assessment of Casuarina clones and intercrops in agroforestry

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Abstract

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Data analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

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