Sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women
A total of 177 pregnant women were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 27.9 (SD ± 4.84), with a range of 18 to 39 years old. Most (56%) of the participants were between 25-31 years of age. 58.8% were enrolled in Primary education. More than half (84.7%) of the participants had no formal occupation till the time of the study. The majority (83.8%) were married and without religion (58.4%) as shown in table 1.
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women attending a health center in Chitima, between May and June 2022.
Variables
|
n
|
%
|
p-valor
|
Age
|
|
|
|
18- 24
|
39
|
22,0
|
|
25- 31
|
99
|
55,9
|
0,007*
|
> 31
|
39
|
22,9
|
|
Education
|
|
|
|
Primary
|
104
|
58,8
|
|
Secondary
|
70
|
39,5
|
0,614
|
None
|
3
|
1,7
|
|
Current occupation
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
27
|
15,3
|
0,771
|
No
|
149
|
84,7
|
|
Household income
|
|
|
|
>3000
|
6
|
3,4
|
|
<3000
|
24
|
13,6
|
0,90
|
None
|
147
|
83,0
|
|
Marital Status
|
|
|
|
Married
|
134
|
75,7
|
|
Single
|
23
|
13,0
|
0,68
|
Divorced
|
3
|
1,7
|
|
No mention
|
17
|
9,6
|
|
Religion
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
72
|
41,6
|
0,00*
|
No
|
101
|
58,4
|
|
Obstetric characteristics of pregnant women
As shown in Table 2, among the pregnant women who participated in the study, 39.0% had two gestations. Most pregnant women were between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation (54.1%), and 65.5% were in the second trimester of gestation. 5.9% of pregnant women reported some previous abortion history.
Table 2. Obstetric characteristics of pregnant women attending a health center in Chitima, between May and June 2022.
Variables
|
n
|
%
|
Number of gestation
|
|
|
Premi
|
19
|
10,7
|
II
|
69
|
39,0
|
III
|
59
|
33,3
|
IV and more
|
30
|
16,9
|
Gestation period (in weeks)
|
|
|
< 12 weeks
|
9
|
5,3
|
12- 24 weeks
|
93
|
54,1
|
24- 36 weeks
|
64
|
37,6
|
36 or more
|
5
|
2,9
|
Gestation period (trimester)
|
|
|
First trimester
|
25
|
14,6
|
Second trimester
|
112
|
65,5
|
Third trimester
|
34
|
19,9
|
Type of previous delivery
|
Normal
|
137
|
90,1
|
Caesarean section
|
6
|
3,9
|
Abortion
|
9
|
5,9
|
Prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy
A prevalência de consumo de álcool entre as gestantes foi de 85,9% (152/177; 95% IC: 80,7-91,0) em qualquer quantidade. Destes, 97,4% (148/152) consumiam antes da gestação. Apenas 11,5% das gestantes deixaram de consumir alcool depois de saber sobre o estado gestacional. A maioria das gestantes consumiu álcool uma semana antes do dia do estudo (71,1%). Das gestantes que consumiram álcool durante a gravidez, a maioria consumiu no período gestacional entre 12 e 24 semanas (53,7%), sendo o segundo trimestre o mais frequente (65,1%). Quanto a frequência do consumo de álcool, 71,7% consumiram 1-3 vezes por semana, enquanto que 17,8% mensalmente. A bebida alcoólica tradicional (76,5%) e cerveja (18,3%) foram as mais consumidas entre as gestantes, conforme a tabela 3 ilustra.
Table 3. Distribution and pattern of alcohol consumption among pregnant women attending a health center in Chitima, between May and June 2022.
Variables
|
n
|
%
|
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
|
|
|
Yes
|
152
|
85,9
|
No
|
25
|
14,1
|
Pregnancy period (in weeks)
|
|
|
< 12 weeks
|
7
|
4,7
|
12- 24 weeks
|
80
|
53,7
|
24- 36 weeks
|
57
|
38,3
|
36 or more
|
5
|
3,4
|
Gestation period (trimester)
|
|
|
First
|
21
|
14,1
|
Second
|
97
|
65,1
|
Third
|
32
|
20,8
|
Last time you consumed alcohol (before the study)
|
|
|
< 1 week
|
3
|
2,0
|
1 week
|
108
|
71,1
|
1 week
|
32
|
21,1
|
2 weeks
|
2
|
1,3
|
Unknown
|
7
|
4,6
|
Frequency of alcohol consumption
|
|
|
Daily
|
3
|
2,0
|
1-3 times weekly
|
109
|
71,7
|
Monthly
|
27
|
17,8
|
Occasional
|
13
|
8,6
|
Types of alcoholic drinks
|
|
|
Beer
|
28
|
18,3
|
Traditional
|
117
|
76,5
|
Wine
|
8
|
5,2
|
Knowledge of pregnant women about the risks and the reasons for consuming alcohol during pregnancy
According to Table 4, of the women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy, 94.1% were unaware on the risks of consuming alcohol during pregnancy. Of those who knew (5.9%), abortion (33.3%), hypertension (44.4%) were the most mentioned risks. Entertainment (79.2%), having a family member who drinks alcohol (10.7%), and absence of occupation (5.4%) were the main reasons indicated for alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Table 4. Knowledge of pregnant women about the risks and the reasons for consuming alcohol during pregnancy attending a health center in Chitima, between May and June 2022.
Variables
|
n
|
%
|
Pregnant women's knowledge of the risks
|
|
|
Does not know
|
143
|
94,1
|
Knows
|
9
|
5,9
|
Risks mentioned
|
|
|
Abortion
|
3
|
33,3
|
LBW
|
1
|
11,1
|
HT
|
4
|
44.4
|
Others
|
1
|
11,1
|
Reasons for alcohol consumption during pregnancy
|
|
|
Stress
|
7
|
4,7
|
Enjoyment
|
118
|
79,2
|
Lack of occupation
|
8
|
5,4
|
Having a family that consumes alcohol
|
16
|
10,7
|
*Note: LBW: Low birth weight; HT: Hypertension.
Determinação dos factores associados ao consumo de álcool durante a gestação
Based on binary logistic regression analysis, increasing maternal age (OR= 8.86; 95% CI: 2.646-29.687; p-value = 0.00 and OR= 9.81; 95% CI: 2.262-42.576; p-value = 0.002) respectively and religion (OR= 0.07; 95% CI: 0.020-0.246; p-value = 0.00) were significantly associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The chance of consuming alcohol in pregnancy was 881.5% times more increased in pregnant women with an age above 31 years than the age between 25 and 31 with 786% chance. The chance of consuming alcohol in pregnancy was 93% times reduced than women with no religion as shown in table 5.
Table 5. Factors associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Variables
|
Categorization
|
OR (CI 95%)
|
p-value
|
Maternal age
|
18- 24
|
1
|
25- 31
|
8,86 (2,646-29,687)
|
0,00
|
> 31
|
9,815 (2,262-42,576)
|
0,002
|
Religion
|
Sim
|
0,07 (0,020-0,246)
|
0,00
|
Não
|
1
|