Analyzing and Evaluating Industrial Ecology Development Model in Iran

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-22317/v1

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Analyzing and Evaluating Industrial Ecology Development Model in Iran

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-22317/v1

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Background:

Industrial estates are one of the major centers of producing energy and industrial waste in the country.One of the important points of establishing industrial units in industrial towns and areas is to pay attention to industrial ecology; rotating economic policies with industrial ecological approach should be formed in industrial towns and the limitation of vital resources should never be neglected. The industry should be used as another industry input. Given that this trend and approach does not exist in Iran, this study seeks to investigate and analyze the factors influencing the launch of the industrial ecology perspective in Iran. Developing Industrial Ecology (IE) faces significant obstacles. However, the aim of this study is to evaluate the barriers due to a combination model, including DPSIR and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). To prioritize the responses (alternatives) regards to the driving forces, pressures, states, and impacts (criteria), the hierarchy of the model are established. In this research, for the purpose of identifying and prioritizing effective factors and analyzing research results, the opinions of 44 experts in the field of waste and environment, industrial engineering and industrial process were used.

Result:

In the first step of the results, based on the experts' point of view and study background and the experience of the last ten years of the world's leading countries, the general framework proposed by DPSIR for IE was presented. For the comparison of two fuzzy numbers, a novel division methods using concept was used. Due to the field studies, 18 criteria and four responses are suggested. Each of the main axes of the DPSIR model was carefully analyzed and in 4 radar diagrams, the analysis of each factor was presented. The first factor (R2) Improve IE law, with Final Weight (FW) 0.251, was selected as the first priority in the IE development model in Iran. Subsequent factors, in order of final weight, included (R3) Establish IE national database (0.246), (R4) Modify industries clustering (0.249) and (R1) Industries training (0.225).

Conclusion:

Industrial ecology in Iran has been failed to notices so far. The results males it crystal clear that the concepts of industrial ecology have not been implemented in Iran’s industrial estates. Based on the results of the analysis and the explanations provided, the proposed action plans for developing the industrial ecology model of Iran. This action provides a legal guarantee for the development of industrial ecology. Therefore, it can be said that the proposed route is the most reliable way to succeed based on current local and regional conditions in Iran.

Industrial Engineering

Industrial Ecology

DPSIR

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Fuzzy Theory

Iran

Table 1 Summary of related studies to industrial ecology

Row	References	Title	Focus and Output
1	Cecchin et al., 2020	Relating Industrial Symbiosis and Circular Economy to the Sustainable Development Debate	explained Industrial Symbiosis (IS) within the framework of the Economic Cycle (CE) as a new approach to sustainability and sustainable development (SD), which is growing rapidly
2	Bahers et al., 2020	Metabolic relationships between cities and hinterland: a political-industrial ecology of energy metabolism of Saint-Nazaire metropolitan and port area	analyzed the complexity of the strength of the relationship between IE in cities and boundary regions and the nature of these social and material links.
3	Baldassarre et al., 2019	Industrial Symbiosis: towards a design process for eco-industrial clusters by integrating Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology perspectives	design process for eco-industrial clusters by integrating the circular economy and industrial ecology perspectives
4	Bocken et al., 2019	Sustainable business model experimentation by understanding ecologies of business models	contributes research on sustainable business model innovation, design by providing a possible approach for ‘business model ecology redesign
5	Sullivan et al., 2018	Using industrial ecology and strategic management concepts to pursue the Sustainable Development Goals	study to ascertain a baseline for measure of the strategic benefits of IE principles
6	Saavedra et al., 2018	Theoretical contribution of industrial ecology to circular economy	conducted a study to supply theoretical help from Industrial Ecology (IE) to the Circular Economy (CE)
7	Hao et al., 2017	Using a hybrid of green chemistry and industrial ecology to make chemical production greener	proposed a model for the expansion of green chemistry beyond the boundaries of one product, combining it with the concept of the commercial ecology
8	Vahidi ET AL., 2017	Analyzing material flow in Alborz industrial estate	conducted a study on 38 industrial units from the full active of 220 units
9	Yune ET AL., 2016	Greening Chinese chemical industrial park by implementing industrial ecology strategies: A case study	eco-industrial development within the Shanghai Chemical parcel of land and its performance within industrial park
10	Park and Gupta (2015)	Evaluating localism within the management of post-consumer plastic bottles in Honolulu, Hawai'i: Perspectives from industrial ecology and political ecology	assessed waste management from an environmental perspective in addition as other considerations like safety and security issues affecting urban metabolic planning
11	Smith et al., 2015	An industrial ecology approach to municipal solid waste management	considered individual waste-to-energy or waste-to-product system synergies, evaluating the economic and environmental issues
12	Corder et al., 2015	“Wealth from metal waste”: Translating global knowledge on industrial ecology to metals recycling in Australia	identifying viable options to ‘mine’ metals contained in discarded urban infrastructure, manufactured products, and goods and initial estimates
13	Cerceau et al., 2014	Implementing industrial ecology in port cities: international overview of case studies and cross-case analysis	comprise a world inventory of innovative resource management initiatives in 18 port areas of China
14	Boons, 2013	Ecological modernization and industrial ecology	research on how global companies accommodate their ecological impact on the speculation of ecological modernization

Table 2 Specifications of industry experts

Characteristics	Freq.	%
Work experiences
12-15	10	22.72
15-20	12	27.27
20<	22	50

Relevant undergraduate degree
Industrial Eng.	12	27.27
Safety	10	22.72
Environmental Eng.	8	18.18
Process Industry	14	31.81

Special Expert
Operator	8	18.18
Technical inspection	7	15.90
Inspection	12	27.27
Supervisory	11	25
Manager	6	13.63

Knowledge of Industry and process
Process knowledge	3	6.81
General knowledge	4	9.09
Industry knowledge	12	27.27
Strong knowledge	25	56.81

Table 3 Fuzzy evaluation scores for the weights

Linguistic variables	Triangular fuzzy numbers	Reciprocal triangular fuzzy numbers
Equal	(1,1,1)	(1,1,1)
Moderate	(1,1,1.5)	(2/3,1,1)
Strong	(1,1.5,2)	(1/2,2/3,1)
Very strong	(1.5,2,2.5)	(2/5,1/2,2/3)
Extreme	(2,2.5,3)	(1/3,2/5,1/2)

Table 5 DPSIR factors with the significant references and expert opinion

DPSIR/IE	Expert Ranking	References
Driving forces
Reduce Environmental Pollution	1	Cao, 2019; Destek and Aslan, 2020; Hoang et al., 2017; Shi and Hassan, 2019; Apergis et al., 2020; Wang, 2019; Bhatia and Gakkhar, 2017
Reduce Resource Usage	2	Shaw et al., 2019; Miller and Pisani, 2018; De Stefano et al., 2016; Pujara et al., 2017; Riebsame, 2019
Reduce Waste Generating	3	Minelgaitė and Liobikienė, 2019; Pirani and Arafat, 2016; Fremstad, 2017; Adeniran et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2018; Jagtap and Rahimifard, 2019; Ding et al., 2016; Luangcharoenrat et al., 2019; Grazhdani, 2016; He et al., 2019; Chalak et al., 2016; Jamshidieini et al., 2019; Matsuda et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019
Industries Variety	4	Law et al., 2016; Goswami et al., 2019; Balakrishnan and Gunasekaran, 2018; Aziz et al., 2017
Increase Regional Independence	5	Qisthina et al., 2019; Welch et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2019; Hage et al., 2018; Moher et al., 2016
Pressures
Costs	1	Ley et al., 2017; Matheson, 2019; Eriksson et al., 2016; Otto et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Istrate et al., 2019; Blondin et al., 2017; Martinez-Sanchez et al., 2016; Das et al., 2016
Lack of Databases	2	Burger et al., 2018; Sacchi and Prosman, 2017; Bilal et al., 2017; Mwanza et al., 2018; de Souza et al., 2016
Lack of Industries Knowledge	3	Conke, 2018; Sodhi et al., 2020; Afroz et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2018; Leopoldino et al., 2019; Samuel et al., 2019; Resmi and Fasila, 2019
Old Technologies	4	Dobrotă and Dobrotă, 2018; Mutafela et al., 2018; Tozlu et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2018; Jani and Hogland, 2017
Low Energy Prices	5	Wahlroos et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017; Ohnishi et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2017; Meylan et al., 2018; Münster and Meibom, 2011
States
Low Supervision on Pollutions	1	James, 2009; Zhang and Wang, 2019; Shen and Wang, 2018; Koo et al., 2019
Low Supervision on Energy Consuming	2	De Kok et a;., 2019; Yuan and Zhao, 2016; Yang et al., 2017; Logue et al., 2018; Tang et al., 2018
Low Supervision on waste Generation	3	Abebe et al., 2017; Ramachandra et al., 2018; Ghanimeh et al., 2019; Chen and Lu, 2017; Islam et al., 2019
Impacts
Reduce Industries Expenses	1	Zhao et al., 2016; Maiti et al., 2016; Lee and Vachon, 2016; Bufalo et al., 2018; Sellitto and de Almeida, 2019; Islam et al., 2019
Sustainable Development	2	Kacprzak et al., 2017; Rodić and Wilson, 2017; Fuldauer et al., 2019; Ferronato et al., 2018; Adeniran, 2017; Pujara et al., 2019; Kaza et al., 2018; Mishra et al., 2018
Improve Regional Human Health	3	Caballero-Anthony, 2018; World Health Organization, 2019; Feingold et al., 2019; Noormal et al., 2019; Frost et al., 2017; Padash and Rajabzadeh Ghatari, 2020; Padash et al., 2015
Improve Regional Environmental Quality	4	Park and Howard, 2018; Padash and Rajabzadeh Ghatari, 2020; Padash et al., 2016; Charfeddine et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2018; Xie and Yi, 2019
Reduce Waste Generating	5	Chalak et al., 2016; Jamshidieini et al., 2019; Matsuda et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019; Pirani and Arafat, 2016; Fremstad, 2017; Adeniran et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2018;
Responses
Industries Training	1	Liu et al., 2018; Peng, 2019; Lahafi et al., 2019; Liu, 2020; Hanh, 2018; Dragomir, 2020; Yu et al., 2020
Improve IE Law	2	Saavedra et al., 2018; Belaud et al., 2019; Li, 2018; Malinauskienė et al., 2018; Nguyen et al., 2019
Establish IE National Database	3	Low et al., 2018; Sullivan et al., 2018; Pauliuk ET AL., 2019; Yu and Wiedmann, 2018
Modify Industries Clustering	4	Bergman and Feser, 2020; Kanemoto et al., 2019; Sunny and Shu, 2019; Engelberg et al., 2018;

Table 6 DPSIR factors

Driving forces		Criteria
D1	Reduce environmental pollution	C1
D2	Reduce resource usage	C2
D3	Reduce waste generating	C3
D4	Industries variety	C4
D5	Increase regional independence	C5
Pressures		Criteria
P1	Costs	C6
P2	Lack of Databases	C7
P3	Lack of industries knowledge	C8
P4	Old technologies	C9
P5	Low energy prices	C10
States		Criteria
S1	Low Supervision on pollutions	C11
S2	Low Supervision on Energy consuming	C12
S3	Low Supervision on waste generation	C13
Impacts		Criteria
I1	Reduce industries expenses	C14
I2	Sustainable development	C15
I3	Improve regional human health	C16
I4	Improve regional environmental quality	C17
I5	Reduce waste generating	C18
Responses		Alternative
R1	Industries training	A1
R2	Improve IE law	A2
R3	Establish IE national database	A3
R4	Modify industries clustering	A4

Table 7 FAHP final weights

Impacts		States		Pressures		Driving forces
I1-Reduce industries expenses		S1-Low Supervision on pollutions		P1-Costs		D1 - Reduce environmental pollution
R1	0.254	R1	0.233	R1	0.254	R1	0.25
R2	0.254	R2	0.277	R2	0.243	R2	0.25
R3	0.249	R3	0.277	R3	0.249	R3	0.25
R4	0.243	R4	0.213	R4	0.254	R4	0.25
I2-Sustainable Development		S2-Low Supervision on Energy consuming		P2-Lack of Databases		D2 - Reduce resource usage
R1	0.228	R1	0.254	R1	0.288	R1	0.25
R2	0.27	R2	0.243	R2	0.288	R2	0.25
R3	0.27	R3	0.249	R3	0.173	R3	0.25
R4	0.232	R4	0.254	R4	0.251	R4	0.25
I3-Improve regional human health		S3-Low Supervision on waste generation		P3-Lack of industries knowledge		D3 - Reduce waste generating
R1	0.249	R1	0.254	R1	0.272	R1	0.254
R2	0.243	R2	0.243	R2	0.237	R2	0.254
R3	0.254	R3	0.249	R3	0.219	R3	0.249
R4	0.254	R4	0.254	R4	0.272	R4	0.243
I4-Improve regional environmental quality				P4-Old Technologies		D4 - Industries Variety
R1	0.249			R1	0.272	R1	0.254
R2	0.243			R2	0.237	R2	0.254
R3	0.254			R3	0.219	R3	0.248
R4	0.254			R4	0.272	R4	0.243
I5-Reduce waste generating				P5-Low energy prices		D5 - Increase Regional Independence
R1	0.243			R1	0.272	R1	0.25
R2	0.254			R2	0.219	R2	0.25
R3	0.254			R3	0.272	R3	0.25
R4	0.249			R4	0.237	R4	0.25

Table 8 Final weights and the priorities

Final Weight			Priority
R1	Industries training	0.225	4
R2	Improve IE law	0.251	1
R3	Establish IE national database	0.246	3
R4	Modify industries clustering	0.249	2

Table 9 Suggested action plans for developing an Industrial ecological model based on Responses

Priority	Responses Alternatives	Action Plans	Responsible organizations
1	Improve IE law	Industrial Ecology is an integrated, operationalized vision of sustainable development, a vision that establishes an interconnected system that holds everything in the environment and sustainability; So these can be the most important suggestions in this section: 1- Developing and defining new laws and regulations; 2- Developing standards for the development of industrial estates based on industrial ecology; 3- Formulating incentives and tax exemption laws for industries subject to industrial ecology	1-Department Of Environment (DOE); 2-Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade;
2	Modify Industries Clustering	Today, the development of industrial clusters plays a pivotal role in the economic and industrial policies of developed and developing countries. Suggested items include: 1- Implementation of industry feasibility studies in accordance with Iranian environmental laws and regulations, with emphasis on EIA and SEA; 2- Changing the definitions of the criteria for establishing industries in Iran and its tendency towards environmental and industrial ecological priorities; 3- Redefining industrial clusters with the approach of industrial ecology and renewable energies and the concepts of reuse cycles; 4- In addition to, Improved network communication, an emphasis on indirect support, a combination of competition and collaboration to foster learning and innovation, enhance collaboration between small and large units, and strengthen the partnership cluster of "clusters", "government" and "universities" are also suggested. .	1-Department Of Environment (DOE); 2-Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade; 3- Ministry of Science, Research and Technology 4- Vice Presidency for Science and Technology
3	Establish IE National Database	The national database can be one of the most important pillars in the evaluation and updating of information on industrial ecology in Iran; for this purpose the following suggestions are offered: - Definition of National Database of Environment and Industry; - Equipping the national database with the latest scientific software in the world with the ability to trace and locate geographically; - Defining and predicting the country's strategic needs in industry and environment with an industrial ecology approach; - Definition of different industry identifiers for all industries in the country to update their industrial and environmental information in the database.	1-Department Of Environment (DOE); 2-Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade; 3- Ministry of Science, Research and Technology 4- National mapping agency; 5-Geographical Organization of the country; 6-The country's data and data analysis center,
4	Industries Training	In the process of sustainable development, environmental education as a key lever plays a vital role in fostering public participation. Agenda 21 and the MDG goals are also in support of this; while paying attention to environmental education structures of the industry and paying particular attention to industrial ecology can advance the paths of sustainable industrial development faster based on industrial ecology approach; The following suggestions are made: - Development of a network of industrial and environmental education with an industrial ecology approach; - Expanding the cooperation of universities with industries and industrial companies; - Definition of National Industrial Ecology Education Network; - Define the requirements of industrial ecology training for each established applicant.	1-Department Of Environment (DOE); 2-Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade; 3- Ministry of Science, Research and Technology 4- Ministry of Interior

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Analyzing and Evaluating Industrial Ecology Development Model in Iran

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