Simultaneous determination of volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactant and ammonia nitrogen in drinking, ground and surface water and in wastewater applying continuous flow analyzer

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2236378/v1

The present study aimed to develop a method for the simultaneous determination of volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactant, and ammonia nitrogen in drinking, ground and surface water, as well as in wastewater, using a continuous flow analyzer. Using on-line distillation, the distillate reacts with 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of basic potassium ferricyanide, and the amount of volatile phenol is assessed using spectrophotometry. The distillate combines with chloramine-T and then with isonicotinic acid pyrazolone to generate blue chemicals through on-line distillation. The amount of cyanide is measured using spectrophotometry and extracted on-line, the amount of anionic surfactants was measured using methylene blue spectrophotometry and extracted on-line, and ammonia is reacting with salicylate and chlorine from dichloroisocyanuric acid to produce indophenol blue at 37°C in an alkaline environment and measured at 660 nm. The relative standard deviations were 0.75%~ 2.80% and 0.36% ~ 2.26%, respectively, and the recoveries were 98% ~ 103.6% and 101% ~ 102% when the mass concentration of volatile phenol and cyanide is 2 µg/L ~ 100 µg/L, the linear correlation coefficients are greater than or equal to 0.9999, and the detection limits are 1.2 µg/L and 0.9 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations were 0.27% ~ 0.96% and 0.33% ~ 3.13%, and the recoveries were 94.3% ~ 107.0% and 98.0% ~ 101.7%. The mass concentration of anionic surfactant and ammonia nitrogen is 10 µg/L ~ 1000 µg/L, the linear correlation coefficients are 0.9995 and 0.9999, and the detection limits are 10.7 µg/L and 7.3 µg/L, respectively. This approach saves time and labor, has a lower detection limit, higher precision and accuracy, less contamination, and is more appropriate for the analysis and determination of large amounts of samples. When compared to the national standard method, the difference was not statistically significant.

Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences

Physical sciences/Chemistry

Volatile phenol

Cyanide

Anionic surfactants

Ammonia nitrogen

Continuous flow analyzer

The markers of organoleptic, physical, and nonmetal elements in drinking water are volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactant, and ammonia nitrogen¹. Phenolic compounds are essential chemical building blocks with numerous uses. Due to their poisonous nature and difficulty in biodegrading in the environment, phenol and its homologues, which are harmful pollutants released during a number of industrial production processes, have emerged as a frequent class of environmental contaminants^2,3. Highly toxic phenolic substances can be absorbed into the body through the skin and respiratory system. Most of them can lose their toxicity after entering the human body during the detoxification process and are then eliminated by urine. However, when the amount of inhalation surpasses the body's usual capacity for detoxification, the excess component might build up in various organs and tissues, leading to chronic poisoning, headache, rash, skin pruritus, mental anxiety, anemia, and a variety of neurological symptoms^4–7.Cyanide is extremely harmful and pervasive in nature, particularly in the biological realm. Numerous foods and plants contain cyanide, which can be created by specific bacteria, fungi, or algae^8,9. In rinse-off products like shampoos and body washes, anionic surfactants are frequently utilized to assist cleaning. Anionic surfactants give these products the exceptional foaming and lathering qualities that consumers seek, although many surfactants are thought to be irritating to the skin^10,11.Water contains nitrogen in the form of free ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium salts (NH₄⁺), which is referred to as ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N). The breakdown products of nitrogen-containing organic matter in domestic sewage by microbes, primarily from industrial effluent like coking and synthetic ammonia, account for a portion of the ammonia nitrogen in water^12–14. Numerous test procedures, including spectrophotometry^15–17, chromatography^18–21 and flow injection^15,22−24 are available to measure four contaminants in water. Nevertheless, when compared to other approaches, spectrophotometry is by far the most popular ¹.

Chemical spectrophotometry, which must go through distillation, extraction, and other processes, is the most recent study on these pollutants. It is required by the national standard^25–29, The process is time-consuming, the sensitivity is insufficient, the precision is subpar, the correctness is difficult to guarantee, and the extensive use of organic chemicals will be hazardous to the health of the experimenters. On the other hand, non-equilibrium dynamic conditions are used for chemical analysis in continuous flow analysis spectrophotometry. It is based on a continuous gas-interval flow of the sample solution, addition of reagents in the proper ratio and order, completion of the reaction while traveling through the mixing circle, and removal of bubbles for spectrophotometric detection. As the detection process is automated, the samples are distilled and extracted online in a comparatively closed environment. It significantly increases work efficiency, further reduces detection time, streamlines the operation steps, lessens reagent pollution to the environment and harm to the human body, as well as raises the method's sensitivity and detection limit. In this investigation, four dual channel modules were employed to simultaneously assess volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactants, and sulfide. This increased work efficiency and significantly decreased detection time.

Instruments and reagents

An AA500 continuous flow analyzer (SEAL, Germany); a SL252 electronic balance (Shanghai mingqiao electronic instrument factory, China); and a Milli-Q ultrapure water meter (Merck millipore, USA) were used. All chemicals used in this work were Analytical-grade and deionized water was used throughout. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, chloroform, ethanol, sodium tetraborate, isonicotinic acid and 4-aminoantipyrine were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (China). Triton X-100, sodium hydroxide and potassium chloride were obtained from Tianjin Damao chemical reagent factory (China). Potassium ferricyanide, Sodium nitroprusside, sodium salicylate and N, N-dimethylformamide were supplied by Tianjin Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (China). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, pyrazolone and methylene blue trihydrate were prepared from Tianjin kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (China). Trisodium citrate dehydrate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether( and sodium dichloroisocyanurate were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin biochemical technology Co., Ltd (China). The standard solutions of volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactant and ammonia nitrogen in water were purchased from China Academy of metrology.

Experimental Procedures

Volatile phenol reagent

Distillation reagent: dilute 160 mL phosphoric acid to 1000 mL with deionized water; Reserve buffer: weigh 9 g boric acid, 5 g sodium hydroxide and 10 g potassium chloride respectively, and dilute to 1000 mL with deionized water; Absorption reagent (updated every week): accurately measure 200mL of reserve buffer, add 1mL of 50% Triton X-100 (V / V, Triton X-100/ ethanol), and use it after filtration with 0.45 um filter membrane; Potassium ferricyanide (updated weekly): weigh 0.15 g of potassium ferricyanide and dissolve it in 200 mL reserve buffer, add 1mL of 50% Triton X-100, and use it after filtration with 0.45 um filter membrane; 4-aminoantipyrine (updated weekly): weigh 0.2 g of 4-aminoantipyrine and dissolve it in 200 mL reserve buffer, add 1 mLof 50% Triton X-100, and use it after filtration with 0.45 um filter membrane.

Cyanide Reagent

Distillation reagent: with volatile phenol; Buffer: weigh 3 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 15 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate and 3 g of trisodium citrate dihydrate in deionized water and dilute to 1000 mL, and then add 2 mL of 50% Triton X-100.Chloramine T: weigh 0.2 g chloramine T and dilute it to 200 mL with deionized water; Chromogenic agent: chromogenic agent A: completely dissolve 1.5 g of pyrazolone into 20 mL of N, N-dimethylformamide; Developer B: dissolve 3.5 g isonicotinic acid and 6 mL 5 mol / L NaOH in 100 mL deionized water. Before use, mix chromogenic agent A and developer B, adjust pH = 7.0 with NaOH solution or HCl solution, then dilute to 200 mL with deionized water and filter for use.

Anionic Surfactant Reagent

Stock buffer: dissolve 10 g sodium tetraborate and 2 g sodium hydroxide in deionized water and dilute to 1000 mL; 0.025% methylene blue solution: dissolve 0.05 g methylene blue trihydrate in deionized water and dilute to 200 mL; Methylene blue stock buffer (updated every day): take 20 mL of 0.025% methylene blue solution and dilute it to 100 mL with stock buffer. Transfer to the separating funnel and wash with 20 mL chloroform, discard the used chloroform and wash again with new chloroform until there is no red in the chloroform layer (usually 3 times), and then filter; Alkaline methylene blue: take 60 mL of filtered methylene blue stock buffer and dilute it to 200 mL with stock buffer, add 20 mL of ethanol, mix evenly and degass; Acid methylene blue: add 2 mL of 0.025% methylene blue solution to about 150 mL of deionized water, add 1.0 mL of 1% H₂SO₄, and then add it to 200 mL with deionized water. Then add 80 mL of ethanol, mix evenly and degass.

Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent

20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether solution: weigh 20 g polyoxyethylene lauryl ether and dilute it to 1000 mL with deionized water; Buffer: weigh 20 g trisodium citrate, dilute to 500 mL with deionized water, and add 1.0 mL of 20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether; Sodium salicylate solution (updated every week): weigh 20 g sodium salicylate and 0.5 g potassium nitrite ferricyanide respectively and dissolve them in 500 mL deionized water; Sodium dichloroisocyanurate solution (updated every week): weigh 10 g sodium hydroxide and 1.5 g sodium dichloroisocyanurate respectively, and dissolve them in 500 mL deionized water.

Preparation Of Standard Series

Volatile phenol and cyanide standards were formulated into 0 µg/L, 2 µg/L, 5 µg/L, 10 µg/L, 25 µg/L, 50 µg/L, 75 µg/L and 100 µg/L with 0.01 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, respectively. anionic surfactants and ammonia nitrogen standard were prepared with deionized water to 0 µg/L, 10 µg/L, 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, 750 µg/L and 1000 µg/L, respectively.

Analysis And Detection

Start the cooling circulation tank, then turn on the computer, the sampler, and the power of the AA500 host in turn, check whether the pipeline is connected correctly, press the air hose into the air valve, cover the peristaltic pump pressure plate, and put the reagent pipeline into pure water. Start the software and activate the corresponding channel window, check whether each connecting tube is connected well, and whether there is looseness and leakage. If there is no liquid leakage, draw the corresponding reagent. After the baseline of the channel window is stable, select and run the set method file for detection and analysis. Instrument conditions are showed in Table 1.

Table 1. Instrument conditions

Analyte	Distillation temperature(℃)	Heating pool temperature(℃)	Sample time（S）	Wash time（S）	Gain/AUFS	Sample /h	Sample to wash	Colorimetric wavelength(nm)
Cyanide	145	60	80	100	150/0.067	20	0.8	630
Volatile phenol	155	/	80	100	200/0.050	20	0.8	505
Anionic surfactant	/	/	80	100	60/0.167	20	0.8	660
Ammonia nitrogen	/	37	80	100	50/0.200	20	0.8	660

Method principle

In this automated method for the determination of phenol and cyanide the sample is distilled at 145°C in a first step. The phenol in the distillate then subsequently reacts with alkaline ferricyanide and 4-aminoantipyrine to form a red complex, which is then measured colorimetrically at 505 nm. The cyanide in the distillate then subsequently reacts with chloramine T to cyanogen chloride, which forms a blue colored complex with pyridinecarboxylic acid, which is measured colorimetrically at 630 nm. Anionic surfactant reacts with basic methylene blue to form a compound. The compound was extracted into chloroform and separated by a phase separator. The chloroform phase was then washed with acid methylene blue to remove interfering substances and separated again in a second phase separator. Blue compounds in chloroform were determined colorimetrically at 660 nm. Based on the Berthelot reaction, ammonia is reacting with salicylate and chlorine from dichloroisocyanuric acid to form indophenol blue in an alkaline environment at 37°C. Sodium nitroprusside is used as a catalyst in the reaction. The formed color is measured at 660 nm. The principle of the method is shown in Fig. 1.

Standard Curve And Detection Limit

The concentration of volatile phenol and cyanide is 2 µg/L ~ 100 µg/L, the linear relationship is good, the correlation coefficient of volatile phenol is 1.000, the regression equation is y=(3.888331E + 005)x+(9.938599E + 003), the correlation coefficient of cyanide is 1.000, and the regression equation is y=(3.551656E + 005)x+(9.951319E + 003). The linear relationship between anionic surfactants and ammonia nitrogen concentration is good at 10 µg/L ~ 1 000 µg/L. The correlation coefficients of anionic surfactants and ammonia nitrogen were 0.9995 and 0.9999, respectively. The regression equations were y=(2.181170E + 004)x+(1.144847E + 004) and y=(2.375085E + 004)x+(9.631056E + 003), respectively. The blank was continuously measured for 11 times, and the detection limit of the method was obtained by dividing 3 times of the blank standard deviation by the slope of the standard curve. The detection limits of volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactants and ammonia nitrogen were 1.2 µg/L、0.9 µg/L、10.7 µg/L and 7.3 µg/L, respectively. The detection limit is lower than the national standard method, the details were showed Table 2.

Table 2

Standard curve, correlation coefficient and detection limit of 4 kinds of analytes
Analyte	Line Range (µg/L)	Linear regression equation	Correlation coefficient	LOD^a(µg/L)	GB^b LOD (µg/L)
Volatile phenol	0-100	y=(3.888331E + 005)x+(9.938599E + 003)	1.0000	1.2	2.0
Cyanide	0-100	y=(3.551656E + 005)x+(9.951319E + 003)	1.0000	0.9	2.0
Anionic surfactant	0-1000	y=(2.181170E + 004)x+(1.144847E + 004)	0.9995	10.7	50
Ammonia nitrogen	0-1000	y=(2.375085E + 004)x+(9.631056E + 003)	0.9999	7.3	20
^a LOD: Limits of detection
^b GB: National standard code for Chinese characters.

Recovery And Precision

Add high, medium, and low concentration standard solutions to the water samples that did not contain any traces of the substance under test. Calculate the recovery rate and relative standard deviation after 7 continuous measurements. As shown in Table 3, among them, the recovery of volatile phenol and cyanide is 98.0% ~ 103.6% and 101.0% ~ 102.0%, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 0.75% ~ 2.80% and 0.36% ~ 2.26%. Additionally, the recovery of anionic surfactants is 94.3% ~ 107.0%, with a relative standard deviation of 0.27% ~ 0.96%. Finally, the recovery rate of ammonia nitrogen is98.0% ~ 101.7%, with a relative standard deviation is 0.33% ~ 3.13%, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3

The recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD) at three spiked levels of 4analytes
Analyte	Spiked concentration (µg/L)	Measured value (µg/L)							Mean value (\(\stackrel{-}{\text{X}}\)±S) (µg/L)	Recovery(%)	RSD(%)
Analyte	Spiked concentration (µg/L)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	Mean value (\(\stackrel{-}{\text{X}}\)±S) (µg/L)	Recovery(%)	RSD(%)
Volatile phenol	5	5.1	4.8	5.1	4.9	5.0	4.8	4.8	4.9 ± 0.14	98.0	2.80
	25	25.3	25.5	24.9	25.2	25.2	25.3	25.4	25.3 ± 0.19	101.2	0.75
	50	50.5	49.8	49.4	50.8	50.1	50.0	49.7	50.8 ± 0.49	103.6	0.96
Cyanide	5	5.1	4.9	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.0	5.1 ± 0.12	102.0	2.26
	25	25.6	25.5	25.4	25.2	25.0	25.3	25.1	25.3 ± 0.22	101.2	0.85
	50	50.6	50.6	50.2	50.5	50.4	50.3	50.7	50.5 ± 0.18	101.0	0.36
Anionic surfactant	100	106.8	106.9	107.2	106.6	107.5	106.9	107.0	107.0 ± 0.29	107.0	0.27
	250	235.5	235.6	236.0	236.4	235.0	234.8	235.6	235.7 ± 2.26	94.3	0.96
	500	477.8	476.5	477.9	478.2	476.3	477.4	478.0	478.9 ± 2.63	95.8	0.55
Ammonia nitrogen	100	99.2	98.7	98.6	99.2	100.4	98.9	91.2	98.0 ± 3.07	98.0	3.13
	250	252.4	253.4	248.1	249.8	253.1	255.5	254.5	252.4 ± 2.61	101.0	1.03
	500	510.2	509.0	509.0	508.7	509.3	506.2	505.8	508.3 ± 1.68	101.7	0.33

Comparison With National Standard Method

Anionic surfactants and ammonia nitrogen were prepared into a test sample with a concentration of 250 µg/L, and volatile phenol and cyanide were prepared into a test sample with a concentration of 10 µg/L using standard materials. The national standard method and this method were used for analysis and detection, respectively (6 times in parallel). The outcomes of the two approaches were compared using an independent sample t-test. The findings demonstrated that there was no discernible difference between the two methodologies' findings (P value was greater than 0.05). Table 4 presents the outcomes.

Table 4. Comparison of determination results between national standard method and this method

Analyte	National standard method( ±S) (μg/L)	This method( ±S) (μg/L)	t value	P value
Cyanide	10.05±0.41	10.20±0.24	0.781	0.453
Volatile phenol	10.15±0.24	10.17±0.13	0.146	0.887
Anionic surfactant	235.20±3.04	235.75±2.26	0.394	0.702
Ammonia nitrogen	249.83±2.14	252.40±2.61	1.964	0.092

In this study, the volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactants, and ammonia nitrogen were simultaneously analyzed and detected using the continuous flow analyzer. The detection results demonstrated that the continuous flow analyzer used fewer samples than the national standard method, had a better detection limit than the national standard method, used 80% less reagent than the national standard method, required less time to process a single sample, and used significantly less of the highly carcinogenic reagent chloroform. Online processing is integrated and automatic. Continuous flow automatically absorbs the reagent and sample, which is then blended through a mixing circle, heated automatically, extracted automatically, and computed automatically using colorimetry. The experimental process is in a closed system, which reduces pollution to the outside environment, highly ensures the personal safety of experimental personnel, and speeds up analysis. Steps in the operation that are challenging, like manual distillation and extraction, are skipped. More and more, it is obvious what advantages come from detecting lots of examples^22,30. The instrument's pipeline and accessories, however, are complicated, and a number of factors influence the test results, making it simple to cause system instability. Keep the following in mind to enhance the accuracy of test results and prevent interference with the experiment: (1) The pH of the solution should be taken into consideration when measuring volatile phenol and cyanide; it should be around 2 before the distillation coil. If this pH is over 3, it is also possible to distill aromatic amines; however, this reaction with 4-aminoantipyrine could lead to erroneous results. Additionally, the recovery rate of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] will be less than 90% if this pH is higher than 2.5. Samples containing more than 10g/L of salt can cause problems by blocking the distillation coil. To lessen the sample's salt level in this situation, fresh water should be added³¹. (2) The following factors may affect how to identify anionic surfactants: Cationic chemicals that can successfully pair up with anionic surfactants to generate potent ion pairs; Humic acids at concentrations greater than 20 mg/L; compounds with a high surface activity (such as other surfactants > 50 mg/L); substances with a strong reductive potential (SO₃²⁻, S₂O₃²⁻, OCl⁻); substances that produce colorful molecules soluble in chloroform with any of the reagents; Some inorganic anions (chloride, bromide, and nitrate) in waste water may skew the results^32,33. (3)Low-molecular amines should be taken into consideration when calculating ammonia nitrogen since they react with ammonia similarly and will consequently produce findings that are excessively high. If the reaction mixture's pH is below 12.6 after the addition of all the reagent solutions, interferences may arise. Strongly acidic and buffered samples tend to cause this. Low repeatability may also be brought on by metal ions that precipitate in high concentrations as hydroxides^34,35.

The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the continuous flow analysis method for the simultaneous determination of volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactants and ammonia nitrogen in drinking water has good linearity, low detection limit, good precision and recovery, and has no appreciable difference from the national standard method. The approach is excellent for the analysis and determination of a large number of water quality samples and is quick, sensitive, precise, and simple to use, especially for the simultaneous determination of four components, which considerably improves the detection efficiency.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Xi'an Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (2017JM8101) and Hangzhou medical and health science and technology project (A20220757)

Author contributions

Guofu Qin: Conceptualization, Writing-Original draft preparation, Data sorting and analysis, Keting Zou: Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Fengrui He and Ji Shao: Funding acquisition, Visualization of the data, Ruixiao Liu, Bei Zuo, Jia Liu and Bixia Yang: Collected and detected of the samples, Guipeng Zhao: Funding acquisition, Collected and detected of the samples.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

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No competing interests reported.

Simultaneous determination of volatile phenol, cyanide, anionic surfactant and ammonia nitrogen in drinking, ground and surface water and in wastewater applying continuous flow analyzer

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Abstract

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Introduction

Materials And Methods