The Interaction Of Isolates And Differential Lines
Investigation of the significant difference interaction between isolates and differential lines is one of the strategies used to determine the virulence of isolates in the plant-pathogen interaction (Brian 1976; Lewis 1973). In the current study, the disease severity data analysis revealed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the wheat genotypes, isolates, and their two-way interactions based on both percentage of necrosis leaf and pycnidia coverage parameters (Table 2). We focused virulence evaluation primarily on P (Pycnidia) parameter due to the higher resolution and employed a conservative but flexible approach by setting virulence and avirulence thresholds through statistical analysis (Ghaffary 2011).
Significant virulence and virulence spectrum of Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici
The virulence analysis revealed that the tested Zt isolates were very significantly different in virulence patterns (p < 0.0001) (Table 2). Out of the 301 isolates with differential lines interaction, 41 specific virulent, 40 partial virulent, and 220 avirulent isolates were identified based on the pycnidia parameter; whereas, 71 specific virulent, 35 partial virulent, and 195 avirulent of isolates were identified based on the necrosis parameter.
The Ethiopian Zt isolates were found to be broad-spectrum pathogenic, causing virulence on 57.1% of the wheat differential lines. EtSh-4 and EtA-19 were confirmed as the most virulent isolates since they were pathogenic on 4 differential lines; henceforth, useful for germplasm screening. These two isolates showed virulence reaction on 4 (57.1%) of the differential lines examined, indicating that they may have the fewest avirulent genes; however, they showed avirulent reaction on Salamouni, Km7, and Kavkaz-K4500 differential lines (Table 3). Next to those isolates, EtA-11, EtSh-1 and EtSh-2 Ethiopian Zt isolates were found to be broad-spectrum pathogenic as they were virulent on 3 (43%) differential lines. EtA-11 revealed pathogenic reaction on three differential lines: Israel-493, Tadinia, and Estanzuela Federal. EtSh-1 was found to be pathogenic on Israel-493, Kavkaz-K4500, and Estanzuela Federal; whereas, EtSh-2 was found to be pathogenic on Israel-493, Km7, and Estanzuela Federal. In contrast, out of 43 isolates tested, 13 (30.2%) isolates were found to be the least virulent isolates, showing no virulence on any of the differential lines, implying that they may have the more avirulence genes. Out of those 13 isolates, eight (18.6%) isolates were collected from Western Shewa Zone (Table 5).
Table 2
ANOVA values of pycnidia coverage and leaf necrosis percentage by forty-three Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici on seven differential lines
Source of variation | Degree of freedom | Mean Square |
| Pycnidia coverage | Leaf necrosis |
Model | 601 | 1847.6*** | 2437.1*** |
Differential lines | 6 | 13541.0*** | 23757.5*** |
Isolates | 42 | 4236.6*** | 4985.3*** |
Differential lines * Isolates | 252 | 1171.0*** | 1504.8*** |
Error | 602 | 293 | 415.7 |
Corrected Total | 902 | | |
Table 3
Pycnidia percentage on differential lines and virulence categories of Zymoseptoria tritici isolates in 2020 in DARC
Isolates | Differential lines | |
| Salamouni | Veranopolis | Israel-493 | Tadinia | Estanzuela Federal | Kavkaz-K4500 | Km7 | Meana | NVG | NAVG |
EtAm-1 | 40 | 12 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 14 | 40 | 0 | 6 |
EtAm-2 | 22 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 19 | 4 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 11 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-4 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 13 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-5 | 29 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 81* | 81 | 1 | 5 |
EtAm-6 | 24 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 29 | - | 0 | 6 |
EtAm-10 | 13 | 5 | 5 | 22 | 7 | 9 | 1 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-11 | 3 | 13 | 42 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 14 | - | 0 | 6 |
EtAm-12 | 32 | 2 | 27 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 24 | - | 0 | 6 |
EtAm-13 | 26 | 6 | 26 | 17 | 0 | 11 | 11 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-14 | 20 | 24 | 47 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 26 | - | 0 | 6 |
EtAm-16 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 12 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-19 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 0 | 62* | 0 | 20 | 62 | 1 | 6 |
EtAm-20 | 22 | 17 | 39 | 5 | 83* | 0 | 51 | 58 | 1 | 4 |
EtAm-21 | 17 | 8 | 49 | 7 | 88* | 10 | 19 | 69 | 1 | 5 |
EtAm-22 | 8 | 12 | 60** | 28 | 83* | 28 | 28 | 72 | 2 | 2 |
EtAm-23 | 43 | 8 | 55** | 48 | 88* | 22 | 48 | 56 | 2 | 2 |
EtAm-26 | 47 | 47 | 44 | 41 | 88* | 27 | 12 | 53 | 1 | 2 |
EtAm-27 | 19 | 0 | 64* | 43 | 3 | 17 | 42 | 50 | 1 | 4 |
EtAm-28 | 0 | 4 | 42 | 8 | 88* | 12 | 13 | 65 | 1 | 5 |
EtAm-29 | 21 | 10 | 53** | 50 | 58** | 12 | 22 | 54 | 2 | 4 |
EtAm-30 | 16 | 16 | 66* | 13 | 28 | 27 | 46 | 56 | 1 | 4 |
EtB-1 | 7 | 3 | 24 | 69* | 1 | 1 | 25 | 35 | 1 | 6 |
EtB-2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 56** | 8 | 58** | 57 | 2 | 5 |
EtB-3 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 23 | 40 | 3 | 7 | 42 | 0 | 5 |
EtB-4 | 0 | 10 | 45 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 42 | 44 | 0 | 5 |
EtB-5 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 23 | 1 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtB-6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 1 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtB-7 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 25 | 11 | 18 | - | 0 | 6 |
EtB-8 | 5 | 5 | 45 | 10 | 56** | 15 | 42 | 48 | 1 | 4 |
EtB-10 | 13 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 70* | 6 | 7 | 70 | 1 | 6 |
EtA-3 | 5 | 52 | 26 | 19 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 0 | 6 |
EtA-4 | 12 | 0 | 75* | 15 | 24 | 3 | 29 | 75 | 1 | 5 |
EtA-7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 2 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtA-8 | 15 | 0 | 48 | 57** | 78* | 0 | 23 | 61 | 2 | 4 |
EtA-11 | 21 | 25 | 88* | 88* | 89* | 12 | 23 | 88 | 3 | 4 |
EtA-19 | 60** | 57** | 89* | 41 | 89* | 42 | 39 | 60 | 4 | 0 |
EtSh-1 | 18 | 0 | 57** | 41 | 89* | 56** | 22 | 61 | 3 | 3 |
EtSh-2 | 10 | 10 | 53** | 40 | 89* | 23 | 67* | 62 | 3 | 3 |
EtSh-4 | 15 | 89* | 89* | 60** | 89* | 0 | 0 | 82 | 4 | 3 |
EtSh-5 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 11 | 76* | 0 | 0 | 76 | 1 | 6 |
EtSh-6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 83* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 83 | 1 | 6 |
EtSh-7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0. | 1 | 10 | - | 0 | 7 |
| 48 | 49 | 60 | 56 | 70 | 49 | 47 | 60 | 41 | 220 |
LSDb1% = 36.114 |
LSDb5% = 27.448 |
NVG, Number of virulent genes |
NAVG, Number of avirulent genes |
a Mean disease scores were calculated by omitting data for specific interactions |
b Least significant difference between means of disease scores |
* Highly virulent: means not significantly different from the maximum score of 89% (according to LSD5%) |
** Virulent: means not significantly different from the maximum score of 89% (according to LSD1%) |
Partial virulent: significantly different from max Pycnidia (89%) and minimum Pycnidia (0%) is (36.114–52.856)
Based on the location where they were taken, the names of isolates were given as; EtAm; Et = Ethiopia, Am = Ambo (West Shewa City), EtA; Et = Ethiopia, A = Asella (East Arsi city) EtSh; Et = Ethiopia, Sh = Shashamane (West Arsi city).
Table 4
Leaf necrosis percentage on differential lines and virulence categories of Zymoseptoria tritici in 2020 in DARC
Isolates | Differential lines | |
| Salamouni | Veranopolis | Israel-493 | Tadinia | Estanzuela Federal | Kavkaz-K4500 | Km7 | Meana | NVG | NAVG |
EtAm-1 | 62** | 19 | 10 | 5 | 13 | 19 | 31 | 62 | 1 | 6 |
EtAm-2 | 27 | 12 | 29 | 17 | 5 | 26 | 31 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-3 | 59** | 1 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 27 | 59 | 1 | 6 |
EtAm-4 | 22 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 26 | 25 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-5 | 35 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 12 | 90* | 90 | 1 | 5 |
EtAm-6 | 31 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 16 | 64** | 64 | 1 | 6 |
EtAm-10 | 16 | 15 | 22 | 25 | 9 | 25 | 14 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-11 | 5 | 17 | 56** | 1 | 1 | 17 | 70* | 63 | 2 | 5 |
EtAm-12 | 49 | 4 | 55 | 18 | 25 | 9 | 27 | 52 | 0 | 5 |
EtAm-13 | 30 | 8 | 31 | 20 | 4 | 24 | 14 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtAm-14 | 56** | 28 | 74* | 8 | 4 | 16 | 60** | 63 | 3 | 4 |
EtAm-16 | 62** | 11 | 53 | 49 | 22 | 20 | 51 | 54 | 1 | 3 |
EtAm-19 | 3 | 6 | 17 | 0 | 84* | 5 | 30 | 84 | 1 | 6 |
EtAm-20 | 66* | 31 | 56** | 6 | 93* | 9 | 69* | 71 | 4 | 3 |
EtAm-21 | 63** | 11 | 75* | 72* | 94* | 12 | 57** | 72 | 5 | 2 |
EtAm-22 | 16 | 15 | 70* | 68* | 93* | 31 | 50 | 70 | 3 | 3 |
EtAm-23 | 48 | 17 | 55 | 61** | 99* | 33 | 57** | 64 | 3 | 1 |
EtAm-26 | 56** | 56** | 49 | 48 | 99* | 30 | 15 | 62 | 3 | 2 |
EtAm-27 | 24 | 2 | 92* | 53 | 19 | 22 | 59** | 68 | 2 | 4 |
EtAm-28 | 6 | 19 | 54 | 12 | 94* | 16 | 65** | 71 | 2 | 4 |
EtAm-29 | 26 | 11 | 73* | 48 | 71* | 21 | 29 | 64** | 3 | 4 |
EtAm-30 | 21 | 17 | 74* | 16 | 79* | 68* | 73* | 74 | 4 | 3 |
EtB-1 | 9 | 27 | 27 | 59** | 4 | 1 | 29 | 59 | 1 | 6 |
EtB-2 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 32 | 98* | 12 | 67* | 83 | 2 | 5 |
EtB-3 | 5 | 4 | 58** | 29 | 71* | 5 | 21 | 65 | 2 | 5 |
EtB-4 | 7 | 20 | 51 | 12 | 19 | 6 | 51 | 51 | 0 | 5 |
EtB-5 | 14 | 4 | 20 | 9 | 15 | 27 | 1 | - | 0 | 7 |
EtB-6 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 52 | 6 | 1 | 52 | 0 | 6 |
EtB-7 | 32 | 12 | 10 | 17 | 64** | 14 | 23 | 64 | 1 | 6 |
EtB-8 | 8 | 7 | 50 | 29 | 97* | 20 | 29 | 74 | 1 | 5 |
EtB-10 | 26 | 20 | 20 | 31 | 89* | 12 | 35 | 89 | 1 | 5 |
EtA-3 | 17 | 63** | 63** | 33 | 64** | 0 | 31 | 63 | 3 | 3 |
EtA-4 | 30 | 0 | 84* | 68* | 49 | 7 | 34 | 67 | 2 | 3 |
EtA-7 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 50 | 2 | 6 | 50 | 0 | 6 |
EtA-8 | 51 | 10 | 57** | 65** | 99* | 9 | 29 | 68 | 3 | 3 |
EtA-11 | 26 | 32 | 96* | 96* | 99* | 13 | 31 | 97 | 3 | 4 |
EtA-19 | 66* | 42 | 94* | 51 | 99* | 50 | 50 | 68 | 3 | 0 |
EtSh-1 | 22 | 4 | 67* | 53 | 94* | 64** | 29 | 70 | 3 | 3 |
EtSh-2 | 27 | 26 | 63** | 62** | 96* | 29 | 74* | 74 | 3 | 3 |
EtSh-4 | 60** | 94* | 94* | 69* | 99* | 19 | 17 | 83 | 4 | 2 |
EtSh-5 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 80* | 4 | 46 | 63 | 2 | 5 |
EtSh-6 | 21 | 1 | 3 | 94* | 25 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 1 | 6 |
EtSh-7 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 8 | 13 | 1 | 16 | - | 0 | 7 |
| 58 | 71 | 67 | 64 | 84 | 61 | 62 | 69 | 76 | 195 |
LSDb1% = 43.016 |
LSDb5% = 32.693 |
NVG, Number of virulent genes |
NAVG, Number of avirulent genes |
a Mean disease scores were calculated by omitting data for specific interactions |
b Least significant difference between means of disease scores |
* Highly virulent: means not significantly different from the maximum of 99% (according to LSD5%) |
** Virulent: means not significantly different from the maximum of 99% (according to LSD1%) |
Partial virulent: significantly different from max Necrosis (99%) and minimum Necrosis (0%) is (43.016–55.984)
Based on the location where they were taken, the names of isolates were given as; EtAm; Et = Ethiopia, Am = Ambo (West Shewa City), EtA; Et = Ethiopia, A = Asella (East Arsi city) EtSh; Et = Ethiopia, Sh = Shashamane (West Arsi city).
Significant virulence variability and pathotypes of Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici
The isolates showed a similar virulence on the same differential lines were assigned to the same group and considered as the same pathotypes. The data of differential lines response to the different pathotypes were presented (Table 5 and Table 6). The seven wheat differential lines divided the 43 Zt isolates into twenty-five pathotypes based on pycnidia parameter, each of which differed from the others by their reaction to at least one of the differential lines. Based on pycnidia parameter, 13 isolates such as: EtAm-2, EtAm-3, EtAm-4, EtAm-6, EtAm-10, EtAm-12, EtAm-13, EtAm-16, EtB-5, EtB-6, EtB-7, EtA-7, and EtSh-7 expressed avirulent reaction to all of differential lines, they were derived from various locations and were assisgned as the pathotype 1. These isolates showed avirulent reaction on “Stb2 (3BS) + Stb6, Stb3 (7AS) + Stb6, Stb4 (7DS) + Stb6, Stb7 (4AL), Stb10 (1D) + Stb12 (4AL) + Stb6 + Stb7, Stb13 (7BL) + Stb14 (3BS), Stb16” genes. The virulence reaction of these isolates were significantly different from pathotype 2. The isolates in pathotype 2 showed partial virulence on one differential line and avirulence on six differential lines (Table 5). In this pathotype, EtAm-11, and EtAm-14 showed partial virulence on the Israel − 493 (Stb3 (7AS) + Stb6) differential line. Therefore, EtAm-11, and EtAm-14 isolates in pathotype 2 were identified as they different in their virulence from the former 13 isolates in pathotype 1. Likely, all those 25 pathotypes were significantly different from each other.
Pathotype 1 was not virulent on none of the differential lines and the isolates in this pathotype were collected from the four zone of Oromia in Ethiopia. However, most isolates of this pathotype were collected from the western Shewa zone. Next to this pathotype, pathotypes 2 expressed avirulence reaction on six differential lines and partial virulence reaction on one differential line. Consequently, all pathotypes were termed as different pathotypes as they showed significant different virulence reaction on at least one differential line. Again, based on the pycnidia coverage, Pathotype 22 indicated virulence reaction on Salamouni, Veranopolis, Israel − 493, and Estanzuela Federal differential lines and, partial virulent on Tadinia, Kavkaz-K4500, and Km7 differential lines, therefore; this pathotype was identified as the broad spectrum virulent pathotype from twenty-five pathotypes. Next to this pathotype, Pathotypes 21, 23, and 24 expressed virulence reaction on three differential lines and they were suggested as broad-spectrum virulent pathotypes. All those pathotypes indicated the virulence variability of isolates since they have different virulence on at least one differential line.
When we observed the isolates in each of the pathotypes they were collected from the same or different locations. Again, the virulence of those isolates on each differential line may be the same or different. Out of 22 isolates were collected from Western Shewa Zone, some of them demonstrated virulence reaction on only Esrael-493, Estanzuela Federal, and Km7 differential, and they were divided into 13 pathotypes. Isolates were taken from Bale Zone showed virulence reaction on Estanzuela Federal, Tadinia, and Km7 differential lines. Estanzuela Federal, Tadinia, Esrael-493, Salamouni, and Veranopolis differential lines except on Km7 and Kavkaz-K4500 differential lines were suscbtible to East Arsi Zone isolates. Isolates were collected from West Arsi Zone were identified as virulent isolates on Tadinia, Esrael-493, Veranopolis, and Estanzuela Federal differential lines. Then, all isolates were collected from the four Zones were shared the same differential lines and assigned to the same pathotypes.
Pathogenic variability of Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici isolates based on pycnidia
Pathotypes, principal components, and cluster analysis were used to study the pathogenic variability of Ethiopian Zt isolates. Based on the pycnidia parameter, seven differential lines differentiated fourty three isolates into twenty-five virulence variability (pathotypes). Therefore, 25 pathotypes showed 58.1% pathogenic diversity within forty-three isolates. Additionally, from the necrosis parameter, those isolates were classified to thirty-three virulence variability (pathotypes) then, 76.7% pathogenic diversity within isolates were observed (Table 5 and Table 6).
The population number between the pathotypes were highly different from each other. Out of all pathotypes, the highest population number 13 (30.2%) of isolates exist in pathotype 1. Pathotype 5 composed of 3 isolates in which this pathotype have the highest population number next to pathotype 1.
The virulence of isolates were collected from the same locations were significantly different from each other. Twelve (27.9%) isolates from 43 isolates were taken from East Arsi and West Arsi zone, these 12 isolates showed 11 pathotypes and indicated 48% of pathogenic diversity within isolates. Twenty two (51.2%) largest population of isolates were taken from West Shewa zone, these 22 isolates showed the largest 15 pathotypes and indicated 60% of pathogenic diversity within isolates. Lasely, nine (20.9%) isolates from 43 isolates were collected from the Bale zone, then, these 9 isolates expressed 3 pathotypes and showed 12% virulence diversity within isolates (Table 5).
Principal component and cluster analysis were also used to determine the pathogenic diversity of 43 isolates. Then the principal component revealed the pathogenic diversity of those isolates. Based on the mean pycnidia of isolates, PC (principal component) revealed 61.2% pathogenic variation (Fig. 1B). In a prinicipal component analaysis, 42.4% pathogenic variation was resulted from the first principal component and 18.8% pathogenic variation from the second principal component. The result demonstrated that Ethiopian isolates have a wide range of diversity.
In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis divided the 43 isolates into two clusters based on the mean pycnidia coverage similarity of isolates (Fig. 1A). The red color cluster composed of 22 (51.2%) isolates and most of them displayed isolate-specific virulent responses. Six isolates from those isolates showed no isolate-specific virulent response. The disease severity values of ten isolates (23.3%) in this cluster were greater than the cluster mean (60%). The average disease severity of isolates in the red cluster due to pycnidia ranged from 35% (EtB-1) to 88% (EtA-11). Among the isolates were evaluated, EtA-19, EtAm-23, and EtAm-26 showed highest virulent response (Table 5). Furthermore, the majority (39.5%) of the isolates in this cluster indicated 2–5 isolate-specific virulent responses to the differential lines examined (Table 5). The blue color cluster consisted of 2 isolates (5%) that displayed a isolate-specific virulent response, and 13 (30.2%) of them showed no isolate-specific virulent response (Fig. 1A). In this cluster, 7% of the Zt had mean severity values that were higher than the cluster mean (62%). The average disease severity in this cluster ranged from 40% (EtAm-1) to 81% (EtAm-5).
Aggressiveness variability among Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici isolates
The mean disease severity of isolates were varied significantly, according to the isolates aggressiveness evaluations. EtA-11 was determined to be the most aggressive of the 43 isolates were studied, having the highest mean pycnidia coverage (88%) and necrosis leaf area (97%) (Tables 3 and 4). EtAm-5, EtSh-4, and EtSh-6 showed the highest aggressiveness 81%, 82%, and 83% of mean pycnidia coverage, again, EtSh-4, EtAm-5, and EtSh-6 expressed 83%, 90%, and 94% of necrosis leaf area respectively. In contrast, isolate EtB-6 was found to be the least aggressive, with a 0% mean pycnidia density (Table 3). For the isolate-by-differential lines interactions, the back-transformed data for the mean percentage of pycnidia coverage and necrosis leaf area were used (Table 3 and Table 4).
Table 5
Pathotypes of Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici based on their pycnidia formation
Pathotype | Isolates | Differential lines | | | | | | |
| | Salamouni | Veranopolis | Israel-493 | Tadinia | Estanzuela Federal | Kavkaz-K4500 | Km7 |
1 | EtAm-2, EtAm-3, EtAm-4, EtAm-6, EtAm-10, EtAm-12, EtAm-13, EtAm-16, EtB-5, EtB-6, EtB-7, EtA-7, EtSh-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | EtAm-11, EtAm-14 | - | - | - + | - | - | - | - |
3 | EtAm-1 | - + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
4 | EtAm-5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
5 | EtAm-19, EtSh-5, EtB-10 | - | - | - | - | + | - | - |
6 | EtAm-21, EtAm-28 | - | - | - + | - | + | - | - |
7 | EtAm-23 | - + | - | + | - + | + | - | - + |
8 | EtAm-26 | - + | - + | - + | - + | + | - | - |
9 | EtAm-20, EtB-8 | - | - | - + | - | + | - | - + |
10 | EtAm-22 | - | - | + | - | + | - | - |
11 | EtAm-27 | - | - | + | - + | - | - | - + |
12 | EtAm-29 | - | - | + | - + | + | - | - |
13 | EtAm-30 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - + |
14 | EtA-4 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - |
15 | EtB-1, EtSh-6 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
16 | EtB-2 | - | - | - | - | + | - | + |
17 | EtB-3 | - | - | - + | - | - + | - | - |
18 | EtB-4 | - | - | - + | - | - | - | - + |
19 | EtA-3 | - | - + | - | - | - | - | - |
20 | EtA-8 | - | - | - + | + | + | - | - |
21 | EtA-11 | - | - | + | + | + | - | - |
22 | EtA-19 | + | + | + | - + | + | - + | - + |
23 | EtSh-1 | - | - | + | - + | + | + | - |
24 | EtSh-2 | - | - | + | - + | + | - | + |
25 | EtSh-4 | - | + | + | + | + | - | - |
+ shows virulence of isolates; - + shows partial virulence of isolates; – shows avirulence of isolates |
Table 6
Pathotypes of Ethiopian Zymoseptoria tritici based on their leaf necrosis formation
Pathotype | Isolates | Differential lines | | | | | | |
| | Salamouni | Veranopolis | Israel-493 | Tadinia | Estanzuela Federal | Kavkaz-K4500 | Km7 |
1 | EtAm-2, EtAm-4, EtAm-10, EtAm-13, EtB-5, EtSh-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | EtAm-1, EAm-3 | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | EtAm-5, EtAm-6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
4 | EtAm-11 | - | - | + | - | - | - | + |
5 | EtAm-12 | -+ | - | -+ | - | - | - | - |
6 | EtAm-14 | + | - | + | - | - | - | + |
7 | EtAm-16 | + | - | -+ | -+ | - | - | -+ |
8 | EtAm-19, EtB-10, EtB-7 | - | - | - | - | + | - | - |
9 | EtAm-20 | + | - | + | - | + | - | + |
10 | EtAm-21 | + | - | + | + | + | - | + |
11 | EtAm-22 | - | - | + | + | + | - | -+ |
12 | EtAm-23 | -+ | - | -+ | + | + | - | + |
13 | EtAm-26 | + | + | -+ | -+ | + | - | - |
14 | EtAm-27 | - | - | + | -+ | - | - | + |
15 | EtAm-28 | - | - | -+ | - | + | - | + |
16 | EtAm-29 | - | - | + | -+ | + | - | - |
17 | EtAm-30 | - | - | + | - | + | + | + |
18 | EtB-1 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
19 | EtB-2 | - | - | - | - | + | - | + |
20 | EtB-8 | - | - | -+ | - | + | - | - |
21 | EtB-3 | - | - | + | - | + | - | - |
22 | EtB-4 | - | - | -+ | - | - | - | -+ |
23 | EtB-6, EtA-7 | - | - | - | - | -+ | - | - |
24 | EtSh-5 | - | - | - | - | + | - | -+ |
25 | EtA-3 | - | + | + | - | + | - | - |
26 | EtA-4 | - | - | + | + | -+ | - | - |
27 | EtA-8 | -+ | - | + | + | + | - | - |
28 | EtA-11 | - | - | + | + | + | - | - |
29 | EtA-19 | + | - | + | - | + | -+ | -+ |
30 | EtSh-1 | - | - | + | -+ | + | + | - |
31 | EtSh-2 | - | - | + | + | + | - | + |
32 | EtSh-4 | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
33 | EtSh-6 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
+ shows virulence of isolates; - + shows partial virulence of isolates; – shows avirulence of isolates |