Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
A total of 244 participants were included in the study with a response rate of 100%. Among the respondents, the majority were males 161(66 %) while the majority of respondents were in the age range of 25-31 years 162 (66.4%). Of the total participants, 124(50.8%) of them were protestant religion follower, and 76 (31.1%) were Amhara in their ethnicity. The majority of the participants were single 140 (57.4%)
The qualification of participants indicated that 158(64.8%) of them were degree level while regarding their profession, 100(41.0%) of the participants were Nurses. The majority of respondents 130(53.3) had working experiences of in the range of 1-5 years and the majority of respondents 96 (39.3%) monthly income was ranging from 3000-5000 Ethiopian birr (Table 1).
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents in Dilla Town Government Health Institutions, Dilla, Southern Ethiopia, 2020
Variables Categories
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
sex
|
Female
|
83
|
34.00
|
Male
|
161
|
66.00
|
Age
|
18-24
|
48
|
19.7
|
25-31
|
162
|
66.4
|
>31
|
34
|
13.9
|
Marital status
|
Single
|
140
|
57.4
|
Married
|
90
|
36.9
|
Divorced/widowed
|
14
|
5.7
|
Religion
|
Orthodox
|
100
|
41.0
|
Muslim
|
16
|
6.6
|
Protestant
|
124
|
50.8
|
Catholic
|
4
|
1.6
|
Ethnicity
|
Gedeo
|
72
|
29.5
|
Oromo
|
36
|
14.5
|
Amhara
|
76
|
31.1
|
Gurage
|
20
|
8.2
|
others**
|
40
|
16.4
|
Monthly income
|
<3000
|
50
|
20.5
|
3000-5000
|
96
|
39.3
|
5000-7000
|
50
|
20.5
|
>7000
|
48
|
19.7
|
Qualification
|
Diploma
|
66
|
27.0
|
Degree
|
158
|
64.8
|
Masters and Above
|
20
|
8.2
|
Profession
|
Medical doctor
|
27
|
11.1
|
Nurse
|
100
|
41.0
|
Health officer
|
15
|
6.1
|
Anaesthetist
|
10
|
4.1
|
Midwifery
|
24
|
9.8
|
Psychiatry
|
9
|
3.7
|
Laboratory technology
|
24
|
9.8
|
Pharmacist
|
23
|
9.4
|
Others**
|
12
|
4.9
|
Work experience
|
<1 year
|
50
|
20.5
|
1-5 years
|
130
|
53.3
|
>5 years
|
64
|
26.2
|
Perceived stress of the respondents
The majority of respondents were very annoyed by things that happened outside very often while some others felt well fairly often. On the other hand, the majority of respondents were able to complete the important events in their life properly while others couldn’t cope with all the things happened outside (Table 2).
Table 2: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) among Health care providers in Dilla Town in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020.
Items
|
Never
|
Almost Never
|
Sometimes
|
Fairly often
|
Very Often
|
Total
|
Something unexpectedly
|
52
|
32
|
70
|
54
|
36
|
244
|
Unable to control the important things in life
|
62
|
40
|
66
|
56
|
20
|
244
|
Felt nervous and stressed
|
46
|
42
|
68
|
58
|
30
|
244
|
Felt confident about your ability to handle your problems
|
44
|
42
|
72
|
58
|
28
|
244
|
Felt that things were going your way
|
34
|
30
|
76
|
76
|
28
|
244
|
Could not cope with all the things
|
44
|
56
|
74
|
52
|
18
|
244
|
Able to control irritations in life
|
38
|
28
|
68
|
72
|
38
|
244
|
Felt on top of things
|
32
|
42
|
54
|
88
|
28
|
244
|
Angered things on outside
|
32
|
42
|
70
|
58
|
42
|
244
|
Felt difficulties and not overcome
|
48
|
44
|
64
|
62
|
26
|
244
|
Perceived stress, among Health care providers, was very high. The highest perceived stress score was observed among Nurses, sixty-eight from hundred while the smallest was seen among anaesthetist and other health care providers (three from ten and three from twelve) respectively (Figure 1).
The magnitude of perceived stress on COVID-19 among Health care providers in Dilla Town in Dilla, Southern Ethiopia 2020.
The prevalence of perceived stress on COVID-19 among participants was found to be 126 (51.6%) with of the respondents in their life of the last month.
Risk factors of perceived stress on COVID-19 among Health care providers in Dilla Town
In bivariate binary logistic analysis variables; sex, age, marital status, monthly income, qualification, profession, and work experiences were found to have a p-value less than 0.25. These variables full-filled minimum requirements for further multivariate binary logistic regression.
From multivariate binary logistic regression, only variables; age in the range of 25-31 years, being nurse, and being pharmacist were statistically significant with perceived stress on COVID-19 at p-value less than 0.05.
The odds of having perceived stress on COVID-19 among respondents who were in the age range of 25-31 years was almost 3 times higher as compared to in the age range of 18-24 years of respondents (AOR=2.5, 95%CI, 1.07, 5.90).In this study participants who are nurses in their profession were almost 8 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who are doctors (AOR= 7.8, 95%CI 2.15, 27.98).
Participants who are pharmacists were also another factor associated with perceived stress on COVID-19. Participants who were pharmacist in their profession were 4 times more likely to have perceived stress on COVID-19 as compared with respondents who are Medical doctors (AOR=4.15, 95%CI, 1.01, 17.06).
Table 3: Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with perceived stress on COVID-19 among Healthcare providers in Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia 2020.
Variables
|
Perceived Stress
|
COR (CI)
|
AOR(CI)
|
Yes
|
No
|
Sex of participants
|
Female
|
44
|
39
|
1.09 (0.64 - 1.85)
|
0.92 ( 0.48-1.77)
|
Male
|
82
|
79
|
1
|
1
|
Age of participants
|
18-24
|
16
|
32
|
1
|
1
|
25-31
|
91
|
71
|
2.56 (1.3- 5.04)
|
2.51(1.070 - 5.90)*
|
>31
|
19
|
15
|
2.53(1.023- 6.26)
|
1.7 (0.53 - 5.4)
|
Marital status of participants
|
Single
|
68
|
72
|
1
|
1
|
Married
|
48
|
42
|
1.21(0 .71 - 2.06)
|
0.9 (0.5 - 2.0)
|
Divorced/widowed
|
10
|
4
|
2.65(0 .79- 8.84)
|
3.2 (0.7 - 14.1)
|
Monthly income of participants
|
<3000
|
22
|
28
|
0.93( 0.42-2.06)
|
0.45 (0.12 - 1.72)
|
3000-5000
|
55
|
41
|
1.59(0.79 - 3.18)
|
1.02 (0.35 - 3.01)
|
5000-7000
|
27
|
23
|
1.39(0.627- 3.07)
|
1.01 (0.33 - 3.06)
|
>7000
|
22
|
26
|
1
|
1
|
Profession of participants
|
Medical doctor
|
10
|
17
|
1
|
1
|
Nurses
|
68
|
32
|
3.61 (1.488 - 8.77)
|
7.75 (2.15-27.98)**
|
Health officer
|
8
|
7
|
1.94 (0.540 - 6.99)
|
2.61 (0.57-11.98)
|
Anesthetist
|
3
|
7
|
0.73 (0.153 -3.47)
|
1.06 (0.15-7.39)
|
Midwifery
|
12
|
12
|
1.70 (0.55 - 5.20)
|
2.76 (0.65-11.67)
|
Psychiatry
|
4
|
5
|
1.36 (0.295-6.28)
|
0.91 (0.14-5.78)
|
Laboratory
|
4
|
20
|
0.34 (0.09 - 1.28)
|
0.36 (0.08-1.74)
|
Pharmacist
|
14
|
9
|
2.64(0 .84 - 8.31)
|
4.15 (1.01-17.06)*
|
Others**
|
3
|
9
|
0.57(0.12 - 2.60)
|
0.71 (.11-4.59)
|
Work experienceof participants
|
<1 year
|
20
|
30
|
0.43(0.20 - 0.91)
|
1.07 (0.34-3.34)
|
1-5 years
|
67
|
63
|
0.68 (0.37 - 1.25)
|
0.78 (0.33-1.79)
|
>5 years
|
39
|
25
|
1
|
1
|
*P-value is significant at P<0.05 **P-value is significant at P<0.01