Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the ethics committee of Chiba University (approval number: 3442) and Ryotokuji University (approval number: 22-19). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects were informed of the purpose of the study and informed consent was obtained.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The JAGES datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Enquiries should be addressed to the Data Management Committee at [email protected]. All JAGES datasets contain confidential subject information and therefore have ethical or legal restrictions on release. the JAGES Data Management Committee has collaborated on the study. restrictions on the data are imposed in accordance with local government regulations.
Competing interests
Nao Shimizu, Kazushige Ide and Katsunori Kondo declare no competing interests associated with this manuscript.
Funding
This study used data from JAGES (the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study). This study was supported by Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (15H01972, 15H04781, 15H05059, 15K03417, 15K03982, 15K16181, 15K17232,15K18174, 15K19241, 15K21266, 15KT0007, 15KT0097, 16H05556, 16K09122, 16K00913, 16K02025, 16K12964,16K13443, 16K16295, 16K16595, 16K16633, 16K17256, 16K17281, 16K19247, 16K19267, 16K21461, 16K21465,16KT0014, 17K04305, 17K04306, 25253052, 25713027, 26285138, 26460828, 26780328, 18H03018, 18H04071, 18H03047, 18H00953, 18H00955, 18KK0057, 19H03901, 19H03915, 19H03860, 19K04785, 19K10641, 19K11657,19K19818, 19K19455, 19K24060, 19K20909, 20H00557, 21K19635, 21H03153) from JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science); Health Labour Sciences Research Grants (H26-Choju-Ippan-006, H27-Ninchisyou-Ippan-001H28- Choju-Ippan-002, H28- Ninchisyou-Ippan-002, H30-Kenki-Ippan-006,H29-Chikyukibo-Ippan-001, H30-Jyunkankinado-Ippan-004, 19FA1012, 19FA2001, 21FA1012, 22FA2001, 22FA1010), Research project on health and welfare promotion for the elderly from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; the Research and Development Grants for Longevity Science from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development (AMED)(JP18dk0110027, JP18ls0110002, JP18le0110009, JP20dk0110034, JP21lk0310073, JP21dk0110037,JP22lk0310087), the Research Funding for Longevity Sciences from National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology(24-17, 24-23, 29-42, 30-30, 30-22, 20-19, 21-20); Open Innovation Platform with Enterprises, Research Institute and Academia (OPERA, JPMJOP1831) and †Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX, JPMJRX21K6) from the Japan Science and Technology (JST); a grant from the Japan Foundation For Aging And Health (J09KF00804), a grant from Innovative Research Program on Suicide Countermeasures (1-4), a grant from Sasakawa Sports Foundation, a grant from Japan Health Promotion & Fitness Foundation, a grant from Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, the 8020 Research Grant for fiscal 2019 from the 8020 Promotion Foundation (adopted number: 19-2-06), grants from Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare,*a grant from Meiji, Obirin University, and Niimi University (1915010). The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the respective funding organizations.†Please include this grant if your research is related Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX) (Prof. Naoki Kondo)*Please include this grant if you use the questionnaires of cheese in 2019 survey. In that case, please write "a grant from Meiji Corporation, Obirin University, and Niimi University.*If you use the Iwanuma data for your research, please be sure to add the information of grant from NIH.
Authors’ contributions
NS: conception, design, analysis and interpretation of the data, and writing the article; KI: conception, design, interpretation of the data, and critical revision of the article; and KK: conception, design, critical revision of the article, and principal investigator for the JAGES project.
All authors read and approved the final draft submitted.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the study participants and the JAGES team for data collection. We would also like to thank members of the JAGES group for their advice regarding this study.
Authors’ information
Authors and Affiliations
Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ryotokuji University: 5-8-1 Akemi, Urayasu-shi, Chiba 279-8567, Japan.
Nao Shimizu
Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522
Nao Shimizu
Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Chiba, Japan.
Kazushige Ide & Katsunori Kondo
Department of Community General Support, Hasegawa Hospital, Yachimata 289-1113, Chiba, Japan.
Kazushige Ide
Center for Gerontology and Social Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu 474-8511, Aichi, Japan.
Katsunori Kondo