3.1. The study area
Konarak is one of the coastal cities of Sistan Baluchistan province in the southeast of Iran, which is located on the coast of the Oman Sea and the Indian Ocean. The port city of Konarak with an area of about 420 hectares is located at latitude 25 degrees 35 minutes north and longitude 60 degrees 39 minutes east on the west side of Chabahar city and on the coast of Oman Sea in the southeast of the country. According to the general population and housing census of 2017, the population of Konarak was 43732 people.
Adjacent to the sea, close to Tropic of Cancer and being in the path of monsoon winds of the Indian subcontinent and equatorial fronts have caused the city of Konarak to have a moderate tropical climate with relative humidity. This area is the warmest part of the country in winter and the coolest southern port of Iran in summer. The climate of Konarak city is based on Demartin's climate classification in the dry and hot climate group (Konarak city master plan, 2017). Heavy rain, momentary and severe storm, 10 degree drop in air temperature and night frost were among the most important phenomena that caused floods in Kanarak city in recent years.
3.2. Study type
According to the purpose and nature, the research method is quantitative-survey and relational (correlation). Also, the researcher has used the descriptive-analytical research method as the basis of the research for conducting and better understanding the relational research. In fact, based on the descriptive research plan, the researcher examines the distribution of independent and dependent variables in the form of a case study (Konarak city). The descriptions and analyzes done in the preliminary part of the study, which was made with the aim of better understanding the problem, are part of the descriptive plan of the research. Measuring independent and dependent variables and describing the analysis unit based on them (description of the social and spatial characteristics of neighborhoods and their resilience) is another part of the descriptive research plan, all of which form the basis for relational research. In this research, in continuation of descriptive analysis, multivariate correlation statistics such as multivariate regression and path analysis have been used to identify cause and effect patterns in the concept of covariation between independent and dependent variables.
3.3. Data collection
The theoretical literature of research was collected through library research Methods (internet, articles, magazines, books, reports, etc.) and spatial and descriptive data (maps, statistical areas and digital data), and also field survey, the household questionnaire and the expert questionnaire were used to collect information related to the studied variables.
3.4. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires
An important part of the required data and information related to the independent and dependent variables of the research due to the lack of necessary data has been collected and produced through the questionnaire technique. The mentioned questionnaire was prepared by using closed questions to collect the required data in nominal, rank and distance measurement scales. The questions of the questionnaire are generally in two parts, the first part including questions related to characteristics and socio-economic status, which mainly cover the independent variables of the research, and the second part of the required information was completed and collected through field observation and using a field questionnaire.
Validity was examined by CVR (Content Validity Ratio) and CVI (Content Validity Index) methods and based on the opinion of experts, so that according to the studied variables and the required information, the initial design of the questionnaire was prepared, and then it was revised several times by asking the opinion of professors and experts in the field of resilience and crisis management. In the end, about 20 questionnaires were completed by 20 people with different socio-economic status to ensure their comprehensibility and simplicity. Reliability calculation using Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed a value of 0.85, which indicates acceptable internal consistency and stability of the items.
Pairwise comparison method (AHP) and questions from experts were used to determine the weight and relative importance of the desired items. From the total of more than 50 distributed questionnaires, due to the time constraints and related problems, 41 items were returned as completed and usable, and in the end, through the function, composite matrices and the relative importance of the item was obtained.the graph (2-3).
3.5. Properties of the questionnaire
The research questionnaire at the household level had 2 sections.
The first part: Profile of the social and economic characteristics of the heads of households participating in the research, which included 21 questions in the form of two options, multiple options and open questions.
The second part: Questions related to the components of social, economic, institutional, physical, environmental, health-sanitary and individual resilience were raised. This section has positive and negative questions, and the scores of negative questions were calculated in reverse. To calculate the average of each component of social resilience, all the questions related to each component were added and then divided by the number of questions of that component.
The operational definition of the social, economic, institutional, physical, environmental, health-sanitary and individual resilience components are presented in table 1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
Table.1. The components and operational definition of Social resilience
Components
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Operational definition
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Awareness
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The state of awareness of households in relation to the ways to reduce flood hazards; Awareness of the flooding of their places and the recurrence of floods; Awareness of the preparation and implementation of crisis management plans at the neighborhood level; Awareness of the existence of relief groups in the city to deal with floods; Awareness of necessary measures to prepare against floods; Awareness of reactions and appropriate behavior during floods; Awareness of households about the most effective way to receive information and training against floods and reduce its harmful effects; etc.
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Knowledge and Skill
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The state of knowledge of households in relation to the source of necessary education about flood preparedness (radio, television, internet...); The knowledge of households regarding the identification of vulnerable people(such as: children, women, physically disabled, elderly, blind and deaf); People's knowledge about institutions and organizations responsible for reducing risks in the face of natural disasters; The level of skill and knowledge of people in providing first aid; The skill and knowledge of setting up temporary shelters and find safe places; The skill and knowledge of using the lessons learned from the experience of natural disasters; Indigenous knowledge and skills for livelihood during disaster and...
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Attitude
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The state of attitude and belief of households regarding the existence of flood hazard; Positive attitude regarding hazard reduction management and...
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Social capital
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Social capital according to 4 indicators: (a) Presence and participation in social groups and networks; (b) The degree of trust and solidarity; (p) Collective action and cooperation; and (t) Ability and effectiveness
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Social position
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The degree of belonging and adherence to values and norms; Socializing and interacting with people of other ethnic groups; Economic status based on ethnicity and education; Influence in local and urban decisions and...
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Table.2. The components and operational definition of Economic resilience
components
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Operational definition
|
Employment
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Employment rate; Employment density; Employment opportunities and...
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income & expenses
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Diversity of skills; Determination wages and prices by the government; The amount of income spent on essential supplies and….
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Access to
economic resources
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The rate of investment; The rate of access to housing; Insurance rate; Economic activities and the dependence of community on resources; Access to official financial resources (bank loans and….); Technical and consulting services; The rate of capital flows, the support of government for entrepreneurship and…
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Diversity of Livelihoods
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Obtaining a new job in case of losing the first job in the shortest time; Having a second job; Learning new skills of economic activities; Business development through the use of new technologies; Having experience in diverse worming environments; Having enough capital to change jobs; Participation in collective employment activities; Having a risk-taking spirit to accept new livelihood strategies; Encouraging various institutions in the field of setting up new business and...
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Capital and Assets
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The level of sharing experiences and knowledge among local people; Having a savings account; The immigration rate of working age people; The cost of debt; Financial independence; Ownership; Properties value; Insurance status (commercial and residential buildings, furniture and vehicles); The scale of business and…
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Stability and distribution of income
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Employment in the formal sector; Self-reliance to meet basic needs; Equitable distribution of income and wealth; Interest rate control; The role of unions; The percentage of the population below the poverty line; Equality in the distribution of resources; Gini coefficient; The existence of knowledge-based economy; The rate of Economic growth; The rate of productivity; Sustainable livelihood and…
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Table.3. The components and operational definition of Institutional resilience
components
|
Operational definition
|
Civil institutions
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Awareness of the existence of institutions related to crisis management; Awareness of the existence of volunteer and aid groups in the neighborhood in case of a disaster; The rate of adherence to legal guidelines in order to prevent disasters caused by floods; The level of the participation of people's opinions in decision-making by local institutions; The level of education and civic learning;The existence of extra-local institutions; The level of interaction and cooperation of local institutions with the people and with other institutions; The extent of civil intervention and citizenship; The existence of legal grounds for cooperation networks; The ability to mobilize and take collective action in cooperation with government institutions and…
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Learning capacity
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Communication with local institutions such as council and municipality; The existence of training required for a proper and quick response in disaster situations; Exchange of information with experts of different organizations at the time of flood; The level of transparency of regulations and responsibilities; Experiential learning (practical use of existing knowledge and experiences by institutions); Holding courses and seminars in the field of natural disasters; The level of participation in training workshops to deal with natural disasters (floods) and...
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Disaster risk reduction program
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The level of satisfaction with the performance of various institutions (fire department, emergency, Red Crescent, municipality, crisis management, council, etc.) in reducing flood risk; Flood early warning systems; Complete and accurate monitoring of the construction status of the city; Geological studies before building any structure; Implementation and support strategy for the renovation and improvement of disaster-prone structures; Local understanding of risk and responsibility; Existence of taxes and financial policies (transfer of public expenses to property owners and developers in disaster-prone areas); Dissemination of information (dissemination of public information, disclosure of dangerous areas for real estate sellers and...
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Institutional ability
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The ability to participate with local institutions in compiling reports and analyzing the situation of the flood-striken area; The situation of human resources related to natural disasters (experience, expertise and special skills, suitability of job with expertise, being motivated, committed and creative); Flexibility of human resources related to natural disasters (flexibility in decision-making, implementation, facing unforeseen conditions, acceptance of external ideas); The existence of a comprehensive emergency management plan; The state of speed and quality of service provision and...
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Leadership and insight
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The ability to implement rules and job descriptions during floods; Efficiency and responsibility; Creating collaborative decision-making processes; Having knowledge and experience in the field of disaster management; The ability to generate new ideas within institutions; Continuous learning (continuous improvement of knowledge of members/employees), Interactive learning (promoting and disseminating knowledge and information within institutions, encouraging employees to share their knowledge and experiences with other members), Organizational networking (inter-organizational cooperation and partnership, clear rules for operating in the system and division of responsibilities, fair access of members to positions and information); Expanding and strengthening scientific and research studies to recognize and reduce the risks of natural disasters; The ability to predict risks and vulnerable cases.
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Table.4. The components and operational definition of Physical resilience
components
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Operational definition
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Building resistance
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The resistance and strength of buildings; The pattern of landuses distribution; The type of building materials used in construction; The state of restoration and retrofitting of facades; The age of the buildings; The type of housing (villas and apartments) and …
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Density
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Occupancy level (the higher the occupancy level = less resilience, more vulnerability); The number of floors (the more floors = less resilience, more vulnerability); Texture pattern (the texture change from continuous and irregular to continuous and regular = more resilience, less vulnerability); Population density; Educational density (the higher the number of users in the neighborhood, the higher the risk due to age conditions); Urban morphology (the larger the size of the pieces = more resilience, less vulnerability); Density of households in a residential unit; Density of people in a room and…
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Incompatible land uses
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Police centers (the more distance from the police centers = less resilience, more vulnerability), The average distance from the center of neighborhoods to parks and green spaces; The distance of sensitive areas such as residential and educational areas from hazardous uses; The distance of settlements from open spaces; The location of high-risk uses (petrol pumps, electric stations, gas pumps and industrial centers) and...
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Access
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Access to relief centers including: fire station, police, hospital, educational centers, public parks and open spaces; Access to public transportation; Regular geometric shape of urban development; The useful width of sidewalks; Penetration in the urban texture (the number of blocks divided by the total area); Access to the network of roads (the more arterial the roads = more resilience, less vulnerability); Access to temporary accommodation places; Access to information sources (newspaper, internet and email); Access to innovation and technology
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Open spaces
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(1)The house and the open space of the neighborhood according to the total rank of the indicators: 1.The location of the neighborhood within a radius of 2000 meters from regional evacuation spaces equal to rank 3; 2.The half of the neighborhood within a radius of 2000 meters from regional evacuation spaces equal to rank 2; 3. Failure to place is equal to rank 1.
(2) Distance to neighborhood open spaces, this indicator was calculated according to the distance of the building of the household's residence to the neighborhood open space: the distance of less than 50 meters to the neighborhood open space is equal to rank 5; 50 to 100 meters equal to rank 4; 100 to 200 meters equal to rank 3; 200 to 300 meters, rank 2; and above 300 meters is equal to rank 1,
(3) The height of the buildings
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Infrastructure related to crisis management
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Access to infrastructure; Transportation network; Shelters capacity; The number of pipelines; The presence of electrical facilities; Telecommunication; Sewage system; Water purification system; Meeting hall; Internet and mobile; The number of main arteries in the neighborhood; The presence of urban facilities (technical buildings, roads, bridges and tunnels)
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Table.5. The components and operational definition of Environmental resilience
components
|
Operational definition
|
Ecology knowledge
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Quality and access to ecological knowledge (preserving biological diversity, preventing soil erosion and destroying plant and animal species, protecting and developing urban green spaces); Skill in adaptive behavior with dehydration; A sense of responsibility and the necessary knowledge to preserve the environment and wildlife; The insight of sustainable consumption and attention to the next generations; Passing courses on environmental protection and development
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Hydroclimatic conditions
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The highest rainfall in 24-hour period; Intensity of precipitation threshold values (The average total amount of precipitation equal to or greater than the 33rd percentile for each year); The days with heavy rainfall (The number of days with rainfall equal to or more than 20 mm); the number of consecutive days with less than 1mm; Consecutive wet days (The longest period of consecutive days with at least 1 mm precipitation); Total annual rainfall <= 1 mm; The ratio between precipitation and potential evaporation and transpiration; The average size of spots (larger size of spots = more resilience, less vulnerability); The number of spots (the number of spots is less, more continuity = more resilience, less vulnerability) and…
|
Geological and geomorphological conditions
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The percent of impervious area; Geotechnical properties; the percent of slope; The maximum height of the basin; Basin perimeter; basin length; length of waterways; Drainage density (length of overland flow); The number and length of waterways; compression coefficient (basin area/basin level); The time of concentration (topographical conditions, the maximum basin length), texture ratio (the number of waterways/basin perimeter); Hypsometric curve of the basin (relationship between relative heights (h/H) and relative areas (a/A)); The Valley floor width-height ratio; The transverse topographic asymmetry; The longitudinal gradient index
|
Frequency and severity of natural disasters
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Proximity to hazardous areas; The previous disaster experience; The probability of occurrence, Detectability*hazard rating (product of exposure and probability and consequence (severity)= actual level probability of occurrence)
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Table.6. The components and operational definition of Health-Sanitary resilience
components
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Operational definition
|
Nutrition
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Access to clean water; Food chain security; The condition of drinking wells; Determining requirements for different groups of consumers (damaged and vulnerable); The possibility of maintaining and storing water and food; Food transportation and distribution facilities; The condition of fixed and mobile cold storages; How to prepare and store and pack food in the event of disasters and…
|
Pollution of resources
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The status of waste disposal and sewage coverage; The quality of water resources; The various types of pollutions; the rate of energy consumption, Waste management, The consumption of fossil fuels
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infectious diseases
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The existence of vermin; The amount of garbage bag usage; Access to the trash can; The state of sewage in the environment due to the disturbance of the urban sewage network; The state of cleaning services (sanitary service, bathroom) and disposal of corpses and animals
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Table.7. The components and operational definition of Individual resilience
components
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Operational definition
|
Satisfaction
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My life is close to my ideal; I am satisfied with my life; I have achieved everything I wanted in life; If I could go back in time, I would change almost nothing and be proud of my progress and..
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Life expectancy
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When there is no clear solution to my problems, sometimes God or destiny come to my aid; I believe that there is expediency in every good or bad event; I am not easily discouraged if I fail; I have a strong sense of purpose in life; I like the challenges of life
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Self-reliance
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In times of stress and crisis, I know where to go for help; I prefer to solve problems myself; I consider myself a capable person when I face life's challenges and problems; I can control unpleasant emotions such as fear, sadness and anger; I work hard to achieve my goals regardless of the obstacles
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Flexibility
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I can adapt myself to the changes; I can find solutions to the obstacles; The necessity of dealing with stress makes me stronger; Even when things in life are not going well, I do not despair; When I am under pressure, I don't lose focus and make the right decision
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Creativity
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I believe that despite the obstacles, I can find a way to achieve my goals; In dealing with life's problems, sometimes it is necessary to find a new way to overcome the problems; Being different from others does not scare me
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Risk perception
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Every more dangerous event makes me feel more fearful; The risk I choose is less dangerous than what is imposed; The greater the awareness of the risk, the greater the concern about it; The higher the risk benefit, the more likely we are to take that risk; The more control over a situation, the less dangerous we feel; It's easy to take risks as long as it doesn't hurt me.
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Collaborative spirit
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Desire to cooperate with institutions and organizations in a crisis situation; Desire to cooperate and participate in the common activities of the neighborhood and…
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3.6. Study population and Sampling
The statistical population of this research was the study of the legal boundaries of Konarak city and all the households living in this city. Cochran's formula was used to estimate the sample size, based on the preliminary results of the 2017 census (Statistical Center website), the population of the port city of Konarak is 4,3732, of which 22,391 are males and 21,341 are females. This population includes 10412 households. Therefore, according to the number of existing households, the research sample size was estimated to be 371 samples using Cochran's formula.
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)
According to the problem and purpose of the research, the analysis unit of "household in the neighborhood" is an analytical unit with two social and spatial aspects ((choosing the neighborhood as an aspect of the analysis unit (space-place aspect) in combination with the household (socio-economic aspect)" due to the fact that according to the data and information available at the neighborhood level and unit aligned with the problem and purpose of the research, it has sufficient homogeneity to be selected as a social-spatial domain)) and also considering the heterogeneity of the society and because the heads of households hierarchical form of different sampling units including: neighborhood, household and head of household should be selected, multi-stage sampling method was used to select the samples. The city of Konarak has 12 heterogeneous neighborhoods in terms of socio-economic status, of which 4 neighborhoods were randomly selected. The distribution of 371 sample households among the selected neighborhoods was based on the ratio of the number of households in each selected neighborhood to the total number of households in Konarak city. Finally, the sample households were selected in a systematic way. Inclusion criteria include: being a resident of the city of Konarak, being the head of the household, and in some cases seniors and elderly people in the absence of the head of the household, with an age range of 20 years and above, a minimum period of residence in the place of residence of 2 years or more, people who have experienced at least one natural disaster in the city of Konarak, and the heads of the household have agreed to knowingly participate in the study. The study questionnaires were completed by face-to-face interview method.
3.7. Data Analysis
The collected information and data related to the research variables, after coding, were entered into the SPSS software in the form of numerical measurements. In the following, based on the presented research objectives and methodology, data analysis was done in two parts: 1) descriptive analysis of data; and 2) inferential analysis of the data.
Considering the nature of the problem and the research method, which is mainly "quantitative-survey" research and "relational" type; at first, the dependent and independent variables of the statistical samples were described through descriptive statistics with an emphasis on the mean and standard deviation indicators. Descriptive analysis was performed according to the purpose of the research as a comparative study of the descriptive statistics of the sample groups (households of four neighborhoods) and with an emphasis on the mean and standard deviation indicators. After descriptive-comparative analysis, inferential statistics were used to generalize the characteristics of the statistical sample to the statistical population and infer the relationship and effect of independent variables on the dependent variable and as a result of testing the research objective. In the inferential analysis, according to the research objective, correlation techniques, one-way variance analysis, multiple regression and path analysis were used.