The Effect of Rope Jumping Training on The Dynamic Balance Ability and Hitting Stability among Adolescent Tennis Players: A Systematic Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2426206/v1

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The Effect of Rope Jumping Training on The Dynamic Balance Ability and Hitting Stability among Adolescent Tennis Players: A Systematic Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2426206/v1

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Journal Publication

published 23 Mar, 2023

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Background

This paper aims at discussing the effect of 12-week rope jumping training session on the performance of dynamic balance ability and hitting stability among young tennis players.

Methods

Sixteen young tennis players were recruited and randomly distributed into an experimental group and a control group to go through training for twelve weeks at a pace of three times a week. The experimental group went through rope jumping and special preparation activity (RJ + SPA). In contrast, the control group merely went through special preparation activity (SPA). Researchers ensured that the training content and intensity were essentially the same. The Biodex Balance System (BBS) was applied to examine the participants' dynamic balance ability, including the limits of stability(LOS) and the single-leg stability testing(SLST).Furthermore, International Tennis Number (ITN) was employed to test the stability overall.

Results

1) Based on the test results about the LOS the experiment participants' overall direction control (ODC) in the experimental group were significantly improved (p < 0.05). the control group overall direction control was not significantly improved (P > 0.05). In the experimental group's SLST, the overall stability index(OSI), the right of medial and lateral stability index (MLSI-R) increased significantly (P < 0.01). The anterior and posterior stability index (APSI) increased but not significantly (P > 0.05), while in the control group, only the right of medial and lateral stability index (MLSI-R) increased significantly (P < 0.05). The experimental group's overall stability index was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05).2) The stability of forehand and backhand hitting depth and accuracy was significantly improved in the experimental group (P < 0.05), while the figures in the control group were not significantly improved (P > 0.05). The experimental group's hitting stability performance was better than that in the control group as well (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

After 12-week experiment on rope jumping training sessions, participants dramatically improved their dynamic balance ability and hit stability. Furthermore, the effect of rope jumping training combined with designated technical and tactical training acquired better results than that of simple special technical and tactical training. It is suggested that the rope jumping training content of the corresponding load should be appropriately arranged in the youth tennis training course for better outcomes.

Rope jumping training

Dynamic balancing ability

Modern tennis competition

Hitting stability

Modern tennis competition is characterized by swift rhythm, vast strength, strong rotational movements, and rapidly evolving tactics. Athletes' forecasts, movement planning and actions, adjustments, and hit frequency are increasing throughout time. The balance ability and hitting stability are two essential qualities emphasized by the majority of scholars. The research accomplishments such as functional training, vibration training, and core strength training have been conducted successively, shifting from attention to developing athletes' bodies and related technology to their training function and quality. Dynamic balance ability refers to the human body's capacity to inherently regulate the metabolism and other activities to sustain a relatively stable posture during movement or impact from external forces (1, 2, 3). It is affected by the center of gravity, the size, and stability of the support surface(4). The performance also depends on the inner coordination of visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular sensory information in the central system and the control of motion effectors (5). These performances could be vital indicators to reflect the exceptional quality of tennis players (6). Besides, previous research showed that the ankle is the primary force to maintain the human body's dynamic balance (3). The improvement of the human body's dynamic balance ability can effectively enhance foot movements' accuracy, the body control rationality, and joints' stability, thus helping tennis players return the ball quickly, accurately, and steadily, or even score directly (7). Studies have shown that rope jumping (RJ) can improve the neuromuscular system's regulation and control ability (8), thereby increasing the balance control ability of the human abdomen and lower limbs specifically (9, 10). It could also contribute to the improvement of coordination ability (11, 12). Therefore, this study explores whether rope jumping training can be practical and productive on the dynamic balance ability and hitting stability of young tennis players based on traditional special technical and tactical training to provide a more powerful modern tennis competitive training method.

Participants

Sixteen young tennis players with relatively stable technical tennis skills, no previous rope jumping training experience, and healthy physical and mental conditions were chosen as experiment subjects to participate in this study. Researchers have obtained the subjects' and their parental consent. The subjects were randomly and equally appointed to the experimental group (ExG, n=8) and the control group (ConG, n=8). The primary conditions of the subjects were shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Basic information of subjects

Group	Age (age)	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	Body mass index (kg/ index)	Training years (years)
ExG	13.7±0.39	172.8±2.03	63.15±3.43	21.12±0.85	4.31±0.20
ConG	13.6±0.33	173.5±1.12	64.36±2.47	21.41±0.71	4.40±0.25
P value	P>0.05	P>0.05	P>0.05	P>0.05	P>0.05

Table note: ExG,experimental group; ConG,control group; P>0.05: there was no significant difference.

P > 0.05: there was no significant difference.

Design and procedures

The subjects were trained for twelve consecutive weeks and three times a week. ExG participants performed rope jumping and special preparation activity (RJ+SPA) together. ConG participants only conducted routine special preparation activity (SPA). During the preparation period, the subjects were familiar with the training content and test process and carried out two adaptive training activities. After an interval of one day, all the subjects' dynamic balance ability and hitting stability were tested (pre-test). According to this scheme, all subjects' dynamic balance ability and hitting stability were tested after another interval of 48 hours. Because all of the subjects had more than four years of training, their technical performance was relatively stable, and therefore the experimental result was almost not affected by technical factors. Each training session lasted for 120 minutes, which is divided into three sections.

The first section: after jogging and stretching exercises, ExG participants performed RJ+SPA. RJ training included forward alternate-feet jumping, reverse alternate-feet jumping, crossing alternate-feet jumping, and squatting alternate-leg jumping. They also completed in situ or during walking. SPA training activities included leg cushion step, side slip step, cross step, broken step, retreat slide step, and the exercise intensity was about 120-160r per minute. ConG participants only carried out SPA training, consisting of leg cushion step, side slide step, cross step, broken step, retreat a step, curvilinear step, backward side step, heel jump, and ski jump. The exercise intensity was also about 120-160r per minute.

(1) Forward alternate-feet jumping: the participant keeps the body upright and completes the knee-bending, leg-lifting, and rope jumping exercises of both hands and feet from the back through the top of the head to the front of the body, which can be repeated facing any direction.

(2) Reverse alternate-feet jumping: the participant keeps the body upright and completes the knee-bending leg lifting and rope jumping exercises of both hands and feet from the front of the body through the top of the head to the back of the body, which can be repeated facing any direction.

(3) Crossing alternate-feet jumping: the participant keeps the body upright and starts from crossing the left foot with both hands and feet from the back of the body through the top of the head to the front of the body, then the knee-bending leg switch to the right side for the second round, which can be repeated facing any direction.

(4) Squatting alternate-leg jumping: the participant keeps the upright, alternately swinging the rope on the left or right side of the body when squatting and alternately jumping rope on the left or right leg and standing upright, which can be repeated facing any direction.

The second section: a repeat of the previous section.

The third section: a series of stretching exercises and muscle relaxation activities. The specific arrangements are shown in Table 2:

Table 2 Experiment content and schedule table

Table note: ExG,experimental group; ConG,control group; RJ+SPA, rope jumping and special preparation activity; SPA,special preparation activity.

Experimental scheme

The dynamic balance ability of the human body was assessed by the Biodex Balance System (BBS) test of athletes' limits of stability (LOS) and the single-leg stability test (SLST). The number of test groups, content, time, difficulty, and posture of all the participants was held consistent with the posture. The whole process was carried out in strict compliance with the instructions of the BBS system. One researcher explained and supervised the process, and another research recorded the process for illustration and analysis purposes. The participants completed the LOS test of the body movement and control ability of random target movement in an unsupported state. Their performance was calculated based on the average value of the three tests. The time allowance was 10 seconds for each test and 10s for each interval. It included the Overall direction control ability (ODC) of random target movement, limits of stability time (LOST), and the physical control ability tests in 8 directions: the forward direction control (FDC), the backward direction control (BDC), the left direction control(LDC), the right direction control (RDC), the forward-left direction control(FLDC),the forward-right direction control(FRDC),the backward-left direction control(BLDC), the backward-right direction control (BRDC). The higher the value is, the stronger the control ability is. The participants completed the SLST test with one leg support under the condition of a non-fixed balance board. Their body-weight was controlled next to the cross coordinate center in the display screen to start the test for 10 seconds, with an interval of 10 seconds. The smaller the average value among the three intervals, the better the stability is. They included the left and right one-leg support of the overall stability index (OSI), the anterior and posterior stability index (APSI), the medial and lateral stability index(MLSI).

The hitting stability calculation rationale adopted the ITN test system, evaluating the subjects' real capacity comprehensively and objectively, with high accuracy, It could also measure the advantages and disadvantages of the subjects (13). In this study, the ITN test system was employed to test the forehand and backhand hitting intensity and accuracy among the 16 participants. Factors were manipulated in the same way to improve the effectiveness of the test. The ball feeding point was controlled at the singles sideline next to the bottom line. Its purpose was to mobilize the subjects to hit the ball in an unstable state. Each subject hit 24 balls, including six forehand and six backhand rounds. The first and second landing areas of the ball were scored correspondingly. The higher the score was, the better the stability of the ball was, as shown in figure 1 . 2 :

Statistical analysis

The measured data are calculated and analyzed with Excel 2013 to get the average and standard deviation of each test score (M±SD). The participants' dynamic balance ability and hitting stability were then tested and investigated using another statistical software called SPSS 19.0. The test results showed that the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05) and could be considered as very significant (P<0.01). The reasons for the differences were analyzed.

Ethical approval

All date used in the study were from published date.This study involved 3 schools. All test procedures and content in this study were approved by the ethical review committee of Chongqing Preschool Education College, all subjects participated voluntarily, all data used were obtained and reviewed in strict accordance with the test protocol, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and all data were recorded and used anonymously to avoid disclosure of subjects data.

Experimental Method Statement

This study followed the International Tennis Federation approved International Tennis Numer test criteria and experimental procedures(13).The study was conducted according to the experimental methods and requirements of Declaration of Helsinki (14).And it meets the requirements of Chongqing Preschool Education College for experimentation.

Dynamic Balance Ability: Comparison and Analysis of Test Results of Athletes' limits of stability(LOS)

Table 3 revealed no significant difference in the results of the LOS (pre-test) between ExG and ConG participants. After 12 weeks of training, the LOS test results of ExG participants presented a significant improvement in ODC and LDC, RDC, FLDC, FRDC, BLDC, and BRDC directions, but not in FDC and BDC directions. In the LOS test results of ConG participants, the balance control ability in the direction of DC and FDC, BDC, LDC, FLDC, BLDC, and BRDC was improved but not significantly. The result was only significant in the directions of RDC and FRDC. In the LOS test results of ConG participants, the balance control ability in the direction of DC and FDC, BDC, LDC, FLDC, BLDC, and BRDC was improved but not significantly. The result was only significant in the direction of RDC and FRDC.

Table 3 Comparative analysis of test results of athletes' limits of stability(LOS)

Table note: ExG,experimental group; ConG,control group; W,week; ODC,Overall direction control. FDC,Forward direction control; BDC,Backward direction control; LDC,Left direction control; RDC,Right direction control; FLDC,Forward-left direction control; FRDC,Forward-right direction control; BLDC,Backward-left direction control ; BRDC,Backward-right direction control; LOST,Limits of stability time;"*" means significant difference within group (P<0.05),and "#" means significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

"*" means significant difference within group (P<0.05), and "#" means significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

Dynamic balance ability-comparison and analysis of results of athletes' single leg stability test(SLST)

Table 4 showed no significant difference in the results of the SLST pretest between ExG and ConG participants. After 12 weeks of training, OSI (L), OSI (R), and MLSI (R) improved significantly among ExG participants (P<0.01), MLSI (L) increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas APSI (L), APSI (R) had no significant difference. ConG participants only demonstrated a significant improvement in MLSI (R) (P<0.05), but not significantly among OSI (L), APSI (L), MLSI (L), OSI (R), and APSI (L). In the SLST test results of ExG participants, OSI was significantly more potent than ConG ones.

Table 4 Comparative analysis of results of athletes' single leg stability test (SLST)

Table note: ExG,experimental group; ConG,control group; W,week; OSI(L),Overall stability index(left); APSI(L),Anterior and posterior stability index(left); MLSI(L),Medial and lateral Stability Index(left). OSI(R),Overall stability index(right); APSI(R), Anterior and posterior stability index(right); MLSI(R),Medial and lateral Stability Index(right);"*" means significant difference (P<0.05), "**" means very significant difference (P<0.01), and "#" means significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

"*" means significant difference (P<0.05), "**" means very significant difference (P<0.01), and "#" means significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

Dynamic Balance Ability: Comparison and Analysis of Test Results of Athletes' Hitting Stability

The participants' hitting stability was assessed by the ITN test system, and the following results were achieved via statistical analysis.

Table 5 Comparative analysis of the test results of forehand and backhand hitting stability of participants

Table note: ExG,experimental group; ConG,control group; W,week;"*" means significant difference (P<0.05), "#" means significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

"*" means significant difference (P<0.05), "#" means significant difference between groups (P<0.05).

Table 5 revealed no significant difference in the pre-test results of hitting stability between ExG and ConG participants. After 12 weeks of training, the forehand and backhand hitting depth and accuracy regarding the stability of ExG participants were significantly enhanced (P<0.05). However, the forehand and backhand hitting depth and accuracy stability of ConG participants were not significantly enhanced (P>0.05). The hitting stability of ExG participants was more improved than that of ConG ones.

Effect of rope jumping training on dynamic balance ability

The human body's dynamic balance ability can be improved by reducing the ground's support area (7). It can effectively prevent falls from performing functional tasks and is particularly relevant when young athletes perform complex sports tasks (15). After 12 weeks of rope jumping training, ODC was significantly enhanced in LOS test results among ExG participants (P<0.05). In SLST test results, OSI (L), OSI (R), and MLSI (R) performances were also significantly enhanced. Moreover, the balance control ability in multiple directions was significantly advanced, and LOST was significantly reduced. The rope jumping training completed a rapid rhythm movement under a narrow support surface, which effectively stimulated and enhanced the nerve control ability and related muscles' activation, thus improving the nervous system's and muscle proprioceptor's control capacity during exercise (9). The situation could also be applied to the lower limb and trunk muscles (16). During rope jumping training sessions, the human torso creates a fulcrum for the coordinated strength of the upper and. They enhanced the muscle endurance and strength of the upper and lower limbs, waist, and abdomen areas (17). Thus, this result showed a significant improvement in overall direction control ability and body balance control ability in multiple body directions. Ivan (18) concluded that after a thorough training on bodily balance, the LOS test results of ExG participants could be significantly improved in ODC, FRDC, FLDC, BRDC, and BLDC(P<0.05), consistent with the point of view of this study. MLSI (R) differences among ExG participants were due to the imbalance of unilateral muscle strength and density caused by long-term active force on one side of the body, which could be an individual difference among athletes. The difference of OSI in SLST test results of ExG participants was highly significant (P<0.01). During the whole process, continuously instantaneous acceleration led to adaptive changes in the body, mainly focusing on ankle regulation, which was also helpful to developing participants' body balance control ability in a narrow support surface. The result showed that the participants' SLST deviation is relatively small, which is also consistent with Li SK (19) and other researchers' viewpoints. In addition, Ivan (18) tested tennis players' dominant leg stability under unfixed conditions. The results explained that the average swing angles of OSI, APSI, and MLSI could be all reduced. The time for random target tracking is also shortened, demonstrating that rope jumping training helped develop human dynamic balance ability.

Effect of rope jumping training on batting stability

This study confirms that rope jumping training can improve the human body's dynamic balance ability and coordination. Simultaneously, the hitting stability in the modern tennis field largely depends on the body's dynamic balance ability. Some studies have suggested that maintaining the human body's dynamic balance ability mainly relies on the isotonic contraction of muscles (7). The maintenance of the body's dynamic balance capacity under incoming balls with external forces mainly depends on the eccentric-centripetal contraction of the upper and lower limb muscles . The core muscles can thus better maintain the stability and control of the body (20). Therefore, the development of hitting stability and human dynamic balance ability may be related to the muscle working form of rope jumping training. The previous analysis explained that since the alternating rope jumping of forward and reverse feet mainly depends on the isotonic contraction of muscles, its power of relaxation, high speed, and a strong sense of rhythm could be more beneficial for the body to get out of the static state promptly, and therefore make adequate preparation for the fast movement before hitting the ball and improve the accuracy of pace and the timing of hitting the ball. Plus, alternately crossing and squatting activities with alternative feet strongly rely on the rapid conversion of muscle eccentricity to centripetal contraction, demonstrating the characteristics of relatively complex movement, ankle adjustment, and substantial control of trunk core muscles. Therefore, it resembles the muscle working form of forced return stroke in modern tennis competition. The complicated movement training in this state benefits and enhances the stability of upper and lower limbs and torso core muscles to ensure the ball's stability. After 12 weeks of rope jumping training sessions, the forehand and backhand hitting depth and accuracy stability of ExG participants were significantly improved, more than those of ConG. Thus it can be seen that RJ+SPA training is more helpful to increase the stability of hitting, which is better than simple SPA training.

The relationship between the improvement of dynamic balance ability and hitting stability in rope jumping training

Modern tennis competitions put forward new requirements for the balance adjustment ability of athletes' lower limbs (21). Only when the core muscles and lower limb muscles provide a relatively stable force and get a solid support surface can the upper and lower limbs coordinate their efforts to hit a high-quality returning ball (20). Ivan, Shao Q, Li Y, etc. (18, 22, 23) also considered a significant correlation between better dynamic balance ability and hitting stability, and their arguments were consistent with the point of view of this study. The study noted that because various forms of rope jumping training could be considered a compound action completed by the participants in an unstable state for a long time, the central nervous system's ability to integrate visual, proprioceptive vestibular sensory information was improved under the smaller support surface. It also impacted the upper and lower limbs' coordination supported by the trunk's core muscles and created a fulcrum for the coordinated force while hitting. It enhanced the rationality and stability of body control in the process of forced hitting. At the same time, the lack of this training in a simple SPA session made the performance of body balance control in forced hitting relatively weaker. Besides, because the rope jumping training is compatible with muscle movement when hitting the ball, it shortened the activation time. It developed the accuracy and physical stability of the lower body among athletes in the process of high-speed movement. Thus, this training is more in line with the demands of modern tennis competition.

This 12-week long rope jumping training session gathered significant evidence to improve the dynamic balance ability and hit stability among young tennis players. The outcome of rope jumping training combined with special technical and tactical training yielded better results than simple special technical and tactical training alone. Therefore, it is suggested that the corresponding rope jumping training sessions should be introduced among the youth tennis athletes. Besides, few studies on rope jumping and tennis training have been conducted, and this topic needs to be further studied.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and contributed to conception, design and implementation of the protocol.

FUNDING

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Research Program Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (No. KJQN202002904),General Project of Chongqing Education Science Planning (No.: K22YG304282)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the field workers for their contribution and the participants for their cooperation.

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No competing interests reported.

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The Effect of Rope Jumping Training on The Dynamic Balance Ability and Hitting Stability among Adolescent Tennis Players: A Systematic Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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