Cadmium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater using Seed Biomass Biosorbent: A Bench-top Reactor Investigation

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-243010/v1

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Cadmium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater using Seed Biomass Biosorbent: A Bench-top Reactor Investigation

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-243010/v1

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The cadmium ion concentration in drinking water is frequently found higher in different part of the world as per international recommendation. It is crucial to reduce concentration in water by sustainable and environmentally friendly means. We tested the biomass of Jamun (JP) and Amaltash (AT) seeds to remove cadmium from synthetic wastewater cost effectively. The biomasses were characterized by functional groups (FTIR), crystalline structures (XRD), and elemental analysis (ICP) techniques. Experimentation the optimization study has been carried out by using Design-software 6.0.8. Response surface methodology has been applied to design the experiments where we have used three factors and three levels Box-Behnken design (BBD). Cadmium removal ability of bio-sorbents were evaluated in bench-top reactor and optimized at various solution pH, adsorbent dose, and cadmium concentration in synthetic wastewater. At initial cadmium concentration 2 mg/litre, pH 6, adsorbent dose 60 mg and stirring speed 300 rpm the cadmium removal was ~95% and ~93% from synthetic wastewater by JP and AT seed biomass, respectively. The adsorption behaviour of cadmium ions well explained following Temkin model (AT r2=0.988; JP r2=0.984) and maximum adsorption capacity 3.88 mg g−1 (JP) and 4.54 mg g−1 (AT) after 70 minutes under optimal set of condition and proved to be an efficient and eco-friendly bio-sorbent for cadmium removal.

Chemical Engineering

Environmental Policy

Cadmium removal

Biomass

bio-sorbent

Amaltash

Java Plum

Seeds

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Table 1: Range and levels for optimization study

Variables	Unit	Range and level
		Low	Medium	High
Concentration	Ppm	1	1.5	2
Catalyst doses	Ppm	40	60	80
pH	-	3	6	9

Table.2 Comparative kinetic parameters of Cadmium adsorption onto JP and AT

Kinetic model	parameters	JP (Present study)	AT (Present study)	White sandstone [Rauf et al. 2020]	CeO₂-Si- nanocomposite [Rehab et al. 2020]	maghemite nanoparticles [ Devatha et al. 2020]	garbage ash (Mehdi et al. 2018)
Pseudo-first order	k₁(min^-1)	0.0735	0.0735	0.5505	0.0590	0.0102	0.010
	q_e(mg/g)	3.88	4.545	6.763	22.820	12.94	28.77
	R²	0.957	0.958	0.9459	0.879	0.94	0.94
Pseudo-second order	k₂(g/mg. min)	0.1057	0.107	0.1997	1.42E106	0.0012	0.002
	q_e(mg/g)	3.075	3.057	6.999	250	36.36	36.33
	R²	0.328	0.410	0.9667	0.944	0.99	0.96
Intra-particle model	K_ipd (mgg⁻¹ min⁻^1/2)	0.2302	0.218	0.7546	6.200	NA	5.47
	C (mg g⁻¹)	0.4654	0.493	4.3384	36.680	NA	1
	R²	0.958	0.98	0.9842	0.806	NA	0.95
Elovich model	β(g mg⁻¹)	1.50	6.39	2.484	0.210	NA	NA
	(mg (g min⁻¹)	84.51	0.9173	3.059 × 10+5	4.540E104	NA	NA
	R²	0.988	0.925	0.787	0.504	NA	NA

Table.3 Comparative equilibrium parameters of Cadmium adsorption on the JP and AT

Isotherm model	Parameters	JP (Present study)	AT (Present study)	White sandstone [Rauf et al. 2020]	CeO₂-Si nanocomposite [Rehab et al. 2020]	Farmyard manure (Idreeset al. 2018)	Poultry manure (Idreeset al. 2018)	Bark (Aregawi et al. 2013)	garbage ash (Mehdi et al. 2018)
Langmuir model	b_o (L/mg)	0.0038	0.0048	0.4703	-5.3E10-5	0.092	1.056	0.423	0.5031
	q_m(mg/g)	3191.49	1886.80	42.97	-3.93	6.652	2.403	9.48	100.249
	R²	0.1	0.03	0.9346	0.984	0.998	0.479	0.9995	0.995
Freundlich model	K_f (mg/g)	2.89	2.63	16	3.86E10^{- 8}	0.520	1.103	0.473	52.188
	1/n	0.895	0.897	0.293	2.045	0.765	0.536	0.077	0.15
	R²	0.945	0.955	0.9733	0.971	0.984	0.809	0.9771	0.9729
Temkin model	b_T (J mol⁻¹)	3205.37	3140.7	58.8	NA	2942	3603	70400	9.5318
	K_T (L g⁻¹)	4.27	47.47	12.57	NA	9.634	285.6	1.808	0.1701
	R²	0.988	0.988	0.9733	NA	0.922	0.949	0.9804	0.99

Table. 4 Comparison between present study and reported adsorbents materials for the adsorption of cadmium ions

Bio-adsorbents	Adsorption capacity (mg/g)	pH range	Adsorption time (hrs)	% Removal	Reference
Nano-silica	6.873	2-10	2	78	[Rauf et al. 2020]
Rice husk	2.59 (μg/g)	4-9	4	95	Agrafioti et al. [2014]
Pine wood char	2.6	2-10	5	79	Mohan et al. [2007]
Mulberry wood	5	2-11	6	<42	Zama et al. [2017]
CeO₂-Si nanocomposite	22.820	1-8	2	92	[Rehab et al. 2020]
Cocoa shell	2.63	3-9	5	78	Meunier et al. [2003]
Moringa stenopetala	1.28	2-9	8	87	Aregawi et al. [2013]
Almond shell	3.4	3-11	6	86	Pehlivan et al. [2008]
ion imprinted polymer	0.0679 mmol/g	1-11	4	90	Samah et al. [2020]
Jamun seeds (JP)	1.45	4-8	1.5	96	Present study
Amaltash seeds (AT)	1.42	4-8	1.5	93	Present study

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Cadmium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater using Seed Biomass Biosorbent: A Bench-top Reactor Investigation

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