Two Concepts One Issue: A Bibliometric Analysis of Climate Change and Climate Crisis Concepts

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2454036/v1

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Two Concepts One Issue: A Bibliometric Analysis of Climate Change and Climate Crisis Concepts

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2454036/v1

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This research aims to analyse and discuss the different conceptualization of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in academic publications. The main question is to understand how different approaches to climate change is addressed in the literature. In order to answer this research question, a sample was created from Scopus literature database. Analysis was performed using the VOSviewer program on a data set consisting of keywords and citation information. The findings show that the perspectives of the studies that adress the same topic with different terms such as “climate change” and “climate crisis” are fundamentally different. Studies using the concept of “climate change” take a more techno-scientific methodological approach linking AGW to concepts such as drought, sea level changes, extreme weather events and agriculture. In contrast studies that use the concept of “climate crisis” relate the AGW to climate justice and concepts such as neoliberalism. It is noteworthy that studies using the concept of “climate crisis” are mostly studies carried out by social sciences studies that deal with the problem in an interdisciplinary political and social context whereas “climate change” is used by physical science studies including climatology, earth science and ecology. Given the traditional separation of these disciplines it is not surprising that two different nomenclatures were used to address the AGW problem. We argue that the concept “climate crisis” is capturing the urgency of the AGW and that in order to find interdisciplinary solutions both insights from physical and humanity sciences must be combined.

Anthropogenic Global Warming

Literature

Bibliometric Network Analysis

Climate Change

Climate Crisis

VOSviewer

After the industrial revolution, the use of fossil fuels as an energy source has emerged. As a result of this situation, the climate has begun to change globally since the last quarter of the 20th century, due to factors such as the inability to reabsorb gases released into the atmosphere, and create a greenhouse effect by the world system, intense urbanization, mass food production, consumption (IPCC 2013; Swinburn et al. 2019). According to the IPCC (2021), as a result of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) extreme weather and climate events have increased in intensity since 1950. In this context, many auxiliary problems such as warming of ocean waters, extreme weather events, natural disasters, food security, poverty and social movements emerged, and continue to arise (Ozturk et al. 2015). AGW appeared in the 1990s on the international environmental policy agenda and led to global initives to mitigate the negative effects (Litfin 2000; Ney and Thompson 2000). The issue of AGW was first raised internationally at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972. Subsequently during the first World Climate Conference-1 held in 1979, the role of fossil fuels in causing AGW was formally recognized. The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 and produced the Kyoto protocol in 1997, which covered the decision of developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5%. 18 years later at the 5th UN Climate Change Conference held in Paris in 2015, 195 countries came together to solve the global climate change problem. These countries signed a historical treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to abandon fossil fuels. These global developments were pivotal in terms of staging AGW as a global issue of concern and in developing international environmental policies to mitigate AGW. In this context, solutions and approaches to the problem have been highly diversified since the emergence of AGW as a global issue. A key aspect herein is the differentiation of the concepts used to describe AGW.

Although the AGW was it initially labelled as global warming: from the 1970s to 2000 (Al Ghussain 2019), this was gradually replaced by the term “global climate change” (Short and Neckles 1999). Currently climate activists use “climate crisis” or “climate emergency” instead of “climate change”, and they use “global warming” instead of “global heating” to describe AGW (Akyüz 2019). Labels given to issues also indicate the underlying perspectives or ideas as represented by concepts (Baker and Hacker 2008). The concept “climate crisis” has only been used recently in research papers since 2010 (Fig. 1). Interdisciplinary research linking AGW with social science, ethics, and politics is relatively new (Drolet et al. 2020). In this type of research, the concept of the “climate crisis” is used instead of “climate change”. As a topic AGW was preceded by acid rain and ozone layer depletion (Cirit and Aydemir 2021). Since the realization that climate change is leading to, or causing political crisis, the concept “climate crisis” is increasingly used (Han and Ahn 2020; Lahsen et al. 2020). The Guardian newspaper now uses the concept of “climate crisis” instead of “climate change” (Çelik 2019; Besley and Peters 2020). Initially, climate change belonged to the domain of the earth sciences. Today the climate change issue is discussed across all scholarly disciplines including philosophy, social and political science. Social sciences were relatively late in focusing on climate change issues (Victor 2015). AGW is not limited to the atmosphere, but affects society and politics (Dunlap and Brulle 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to discuss climate change from a holistic perspective.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the difference between the underlying associated concepts of "climate change" and "climate crisis", which emerged as a result of different approaches to AGW. The main question is to understand how and why different concepts to address AGW are used in the scientific literature. In order to answer this research question, a bibliometric network analysis was performed using the VOSviewer program on a data set consisting of keywords and citation information. Thanks to this analysis, different perspectives and concepts are identified. In addition, the preferred methodologies of researchers on AGW and the changes over time were revealed. In this way, it was possible to identify implicitly prominent concepts and the trends in future studies on AGW. This is the first study which compares the concepts of “climate change” and “climate crisis” using bibliometric methods. After presenting our results we discuss the implications of differences in perspectives of “climate cricis” and “climate change” and we present suggestions for future studies.

The main question in this research is to analyse how different approaches to AGW is represented in scientific literature. In order to analyse the differences in concepts used in scientific studies addressing “climate change” or “climate crisis” in bibliometric data we firstly filtered data (on 04.09.2021) from Scopus assessing the use of the two concepts in the titles of publications. We found that that the concept of “climate change” is widely used in titles, yielding over 300.000 papers, whereas “climate crisis” was only used 155 times. In order to produce comparable samples from the literature we limited our search for “climate change” to the journal Climate Change. We then identified 1563 articles published in the journal Climate Change. Another reason for the restrictions here is that the data set for a maximum of 2000 works is taken in the search made in Scopus. The concept of “climate crisis” was not widely used in the literature. We therefore selected 155 articles with “climate crisis” in the title section of Scopus in all fields to provide a comparable sample (Fig. 2).

To answer the research questions, the selected bibliometric data were analyzed with the network analysis method using the VOSviewer v.1.61 program. VOSviewer is a statistical program designed to create network maps of bibliometric data. Many bibliometric network analysis studies have been conducted using this software (Van Eck and Waltman 2010; Kulak 2018; Kulak et al. 2019; Güney and Somuncu 2020; Çelik 2020; Çelik et al. 2021). This program maps networks or relationships based on a distance-based visualization approach by factors including co-occurrence, co-authorship, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and citation (Van Eck and Waltman 2007). In the network map, nodes (actors/units/broadcast) and the relationships connecting these pairs of nodes are analyzed. Thus, nodes can be individuals, groups, institutions, or countries. Relationships show the partnerships of these nodes with each other. A social network is the set of all nodes and the relations between binary nodes. Data obtained by network analysis are evaluated in terms of frequency, relationality, clustering, and time trends (Al et al. 2012; Tindall and Wellman 2001). In this study two different types of analysis were applied: “co-occurrence” and “bibliographic coupling”. Firstly, a co-occurrence analysis was performed. This is an analysis of the most frequently used concepts in the keywords of the publications in the sample (Fig. 3). One of the links between the articles in the academic literature and the reader is keywords. At this point, the researcher gives information about which concepts the work is built on. Although this section is limited to five or six words, it conveys more specific information or concepts about the work when compared to the title section (Kozak, 2018). In this context, the first unit of analysis was the keywords of the articles. In this analysis, information on the frequency, relevance and clustering of the keywords and time trends of their usage is obtained. The aim here is to identify the concepts most frequently used and to identify the relationships between them and the time they are used. Based on this they are grouped into clusters within network maps. The program includes high frequency and relevance keywords in the network map, while keywords with low frequency and of low relevance are excluded. In this way concepts used singularly or rarely in the literature are filtered out. Concepts with high connection frequency tend to characterize specific topics/fields and trends, while concepts with a lower frequency and relationality are secondary themes related to the central concept. The distance between two related elements reflects the strength of the relationship. Nodes or clusters group nearby from each other are more closely related than clusters and nodes grouped farther away from each other (Van Eck and Waltman 2010). Finally, in time trend analysis the trends in publication years of keywords are examined. This analysis reveals the periods in which the concepts in the changing and transforming structure of the literature emerged (Yıldız and Aykanat 2017). The second type of analysis we used was the bibliographic coupling network (BCN) analysis. In BCN analysis, citing the same publication from two or more independent sources is defined as bibliographic coupling (Al and Tonda 2004; Garfield 1988). According to this analysis, matches are detected between the publications cited by independent publications. The aim was to identify authors that occupy important positions in the research area under question. In BCN analysis the citation frequency of the publications and the total connection strength is integrated into the network analysis (Fig. 3). Publications with high total link strength were transferred to the network map, while units with no bibliometric matches are excluded. This way, the result was more specific and informative. Citation matches with higher overall link strength and frequency tend to represent leading authors. Nodes or clusters at a closer distance are more closely related. Finally, the time analysis showed the change in bibliographic coupling over time (Van Eck and Waltman 2010). The threshold values used while creating the network map are determined by the researchers by trial and error method in order to increase the readability in line with the research purpose (Kuhzady ve Benli, 2017; Estevão, Garcia, Filipe, Fernandes, 2017; Acar ve Gül Yılmaz, 2019; Kulak, Ozkan ve Bindak, 2019; Güney, Altundal Öncü, Somuncu, 2020).

In this part of the research, the results based on the bibliographic analysis of the concepts of "climate change" and "climate crisis "of the Vosviewer software are evaluated. In this way, the focal points and differences in persepectives of the articles that used the concepts “climate change” or “climate crisis” have been assessed.

3.1. “Climate change” concept analysis

In the Scopus database, 1563 articles that included the concept of “climate change” in the title section and were published in the Climatic Change journal were identified. The co-occurrence status of these concepts used in the keywords section in 1563 articles were analyzed. We found that of the 911 concepts identified, 37 concepts were repeated at least 3 times in the keywords section. These 36 concepts had the highest incidence/number and co-occurrence in the network map. In the network analysis, seven clusters were identified, consisting of concepts with a high frequency of coexistence. These clusters can be grouped into two groups separated by an indented line here termed “axis” (Fig. 4a). Below this axis there are three clusters. The central concept in the red cluster is “migration”. It consists of eight concepts in total. Other prominent concepts in the red cluster are “drought”, “indigenous peoples” and “health”. The central concept in the green cluster is “agriculture”. It consists of a total of six concepts with “uncertainty” and “food security” as key concepts. The prominent concept of the purple cluster is “water resources”. Examining the concepts of these clusters and the spatial relations between the clusters it appears the concept of “climate migrants” is a central issue here. Above the main axis, there are four clusters. Central to the blue cluster are “global warming” and “climate change impects” with "conservation" and "extreme events" concepts as important related concepts. The prominent concept of the yellow cluster are “climate change adaptation”, “resilience” and “vulnerability”. The prominent concept of the turquoise cluster was “adaptation”. Key concepts of the orange cluster are “climate policy” and “scenario analysis”. Examining the concepts of these clusters and the spatial relations between the clusters it becomes apparent that the concepts are dealing mainly with natural processes and effects caused by AGW. In the network map created for the “climate change” concept, the concept “adaptation” was one of the most frequently repeated concepts. This indicates that planning and counteractingactions counteracting the effects of AGW are most commonly considered. It becomes apparent that these studies refer to environmental risks associated with AGW and that these studies also address the measures against these risks (Fig. 4a and Table 1). When analysing the usage of concepts over the time span from 2017–2020 it is seen that concepts such as “agriculture”, “migration”, “drought”, “food security” are used most frequently most recently (Fig. 4b).

Another point to be considered here is the total link strength. The relatedness score shows the most relational terms with the concept of climate change. It is noteworthy that the correlation score between “uncertainty” and the concept “climate change” is high, reflecting that the consequences of climate change cannot yet be fully predicted. “Agriculture”, “adaptation”, and “resilience” are other concepts with high correlation scores (Table 1).

Table 1

Statistical results of the most used concepts in the keywords of the 1563 articles analysed with the concept of “climate change” in their titles.
No	Keywords	Frequency*	Total link strength**	Cluster***
1	migration	5	10	1
2	ecosystem services	4	8	1
3	drought	4	7	1
4	health	4	7	1
5	ındicators	4	8	1
6	sea level rise	4	9	1
7	ındigenous peoples	3	4	1
8	public health	3	8	1
9	climate change	139	90	2
10	agriculture	11	14	2
11	uncertainty	10	11	2
12	food security	5	7	2
13	projections	4	4	2
14	adaptation strategies	3	5	2
15	global warming	10	7	3
16	climate change impacts	6	5	3
17	conservation	4	6	3
18	climate change communication	3	3	3
19	extreme events	3	5	3
20	framing	3	5	3
21	climate change adaptation	12	12	4
22	resilience	5	13	4
23	vulnerability	5	6	4
24	adaptive capacity	4	6	4
25	aquaculture	3	5	4
26	natural hazards	3	2	4
27	climate change mitigation	4	3	5
28	ımpacts	3	2	5
29	ındiana	3	7	5
30	representative concentration pathways	3	2	5
31	water resources	3	5	5
32	adaptation	24	32	6
33	perception	4	8	6
34	wheat	4	5	6
35	climate policy	5	4	7
36	scenario analysis	4	3	7

*Frequency represents the size of the circles in Fig. 4, varies according to the frequency of the terms in the keywords section.

**Total link strength refers to the frequency concepts that are used combined. This data forms the network (line) texture on the map.

***Cluster indicates the degree of connection between the terms.

3.2. “Climate crisis” concept analysis

In the Scopus database, 155 articles with the concept of “climate crisis” in the title section were identified. The concepts used in the keywords section of the articles in this sample were analyzed according to their co-occurrence status. In this context, 17 concepts repeated at least 3 times were found out of 406 concepts in the keywords section of the articles. This analysis includes 17 concepts with the highest incidence/number and co-occurrence in the network map. By the network analysis, six clusters were identified, consisting of concepts with a high frequency of coexistence. The studies that explain the rapid differentiation of the climate and the intensification of its effects with the concept of "climate crisis" used the concept of "climate change", which is the orthodox concept, in order to stay in the literature (Fig. 5a). The central concept in the first red cluster is “climate change”. Other important concepts in this cluster are “neoliberalism” and “capitalism”. The concepts used in the third blue cluster were “climate justice” and “climate policy”. The key concepts in the second green cluster is “climate crisis” and “policy”. The sixth turquoise cluster includes “democracy” and “civic engagement”. The concepts used in both structures are very close to each other. Therefore, it can be said that the reason for the different axes that emerged in this analysis is the diversity of concepts used for similar or the same situations in social sciences, or differences in approach. The fourth yellow and the fifth purple, which are in common position in the middle of both axes.

The time trend analysis analysis of “climate crisis” is limited as “climate crisis”is a very recently used concept. concequently it can be concluded that all concepts in the network map are presently used commonly. Still the most recent usage among these concepts is “neoliberalism”, “covid-19”, “climate action” and “civic engagement” (Fig. 5b).

The high frequency of co occurrence of the concepts of “climate change” and “climate crisis” indicates that these two concepts are used to describe AGW. When the keywords of the studies with the climate crisis in the title are analyzed, it is seen that concepts such as “neoliberalism”, “democracy”, “capitalism”, “politics”, “climate justice”, and “covid-19” are most frequently used. The prominence of concepts such as “critical theory” and “ethics” shows that studies using the climate crisis in the title are mostly conducted in social sciences (Table 2). The prominence of these concepts shows that the cocept of “climate crisis” is used in a very different context from the concept of “climate change”. Studies using “climate crisis” in their title highlight the political and current dimensions of AGW.

Table 2

Statistical results of the most used concepts in the keywords of the 155 articles analysed with the concept of “climate crisis” in their titles.
No	Keywords	Frequency*	Total link strength**	Cluster***
1	climate change	43	29	1
2	neoliberalism	3	5	1
3	capitalism	3	4	1
4	covid-19	3	4	1
5	climate crisis	32	18	2
6	climate	4	1	2
7	policy	3	2	2
8	climate justice	6	5	3
9	resilience	4	3	3
11	climate policy	3	2	3
12	ethics	3	4	4
13	sustainability	3	4	4
14	critical theory	3	3	4
15	covıd-19	5	7	5
16	climate action	5	4	5
17	democracy	4	5	6
18	civic engagement	3	2	6

* The size of the circles in Fig. 5, varies according to the frequency data of the terms in the keywords section in Table 2. In addition, the ranking in Table 2 was made according to the frequency data of the keywords.

** Total link strength refers to the frequency of use of concepts with each other. This data forms the network (line) texture on the map (Fig. 5).

*** As the frequency of using the concepts with each other increases, clusters are formed. This data constitutes the cluster data represented by the colors on the map (Fig. 5) and expressed with numbers in the table.

3.3. Analysing authors using“climate change”

In the Scopus database, 1563 articles published in the journal Climate Change and containing the concept of "Climate Change" in the title section were identified. There are 4898 different authors in the bibliography of the articles included in this sample. As a result of the bibliometric coupling analysis in the bibliography, 54 authors who were cited in independent studies and published at least 5 works were identified. They can be considered experts with the highest frequency/number and relevance in the network map. Cluster data obtained by the bibliographic coupling analysis showed that in 1563 independent articles, the works of these 54 authors were highly cited (Fig. 6). These 54 authors formed 7 clusters according to their co-occurrence indicated in different colours in Fig. 6. These authors include the authors of the IPCC reports. There are 19 authors grouped in the first cluster under Trenberth K.E., who is one of the leading authors of the IPCC reports in 2001 and 2007 (IPCC 2001, 2007). The second cluster is formed around author Arnell N.W. It is seen that the authors in this cluster focus on "climate change and its effects" and "climate change and adaptation". Rosenberg N.J. is central in the third cluster, which focuses on the agricultural effects of climate change. Lettenmaier D.P. is central in the fourth cluster focusing on the hydrological effects of climate change. In the fifth cluster, Stefan H.G is in the center, authors in this cluster focus on modeling climate change. Carter T.R. is in the center position of the sixth cluster which is focused on the vulnerability/sensitivity/vulnerability of ecosystems to AGW. Ford J.D is in the center of the seventh cluster which highlights the issue of spatial adaptation in particular of how cities will be affected by climate change and how different continents will be affected. When the inter-cluster relations are examined, the first cluster represented in red is located in the middle of the other clusters. Other clusters show five independent trends and show weak interconnectivity (Fig. 6a). Almost all clusters use the concept of “adaptation”. This indicates that “adaptation” takes an important place in climate change studies. Among the 54 authors the most recent bibliographic couplings were seen in authors such as Ford, J.D., Prokopy, L.S, Wang X., Van Vuuren D.P., Asseng S., and Kryasanova V. (Fig. 6b). In Fig. 6b, the range of 2006–2020 is shown as the publication scale. The most recent bibliographic matches are in the second, sixth, and seventh clusters in this context (Table 3). This situation shows that the current issues regarding climate change are the effects of “climate change” and “adaptation” to climate change.

According to the bibliographic coupling network analysis, when the results are examined in detail, it is seen that the most cited author on “Climate Change” is Trenberth K.E. Trenberth K.E. published numerous papers and is heavily cited as witnessed by his h-index value of very high. Arnell and Nigel W are the authors with the most publications and the highest total link strength (Table 3).

Table 3

Statistical results of the most used author in the references of the 1563 articles analysed with the concept of “climate change” in their titles.
No	Author	Documents*	Citations**	Total link strength***	Cluster****	No	Author	Documents*	Citations**	Total link strength***	Cluster****
1	Trenberth k.e.	5	1159	64	1	28	hope c.	5	140	496	2
2	brulle r.j.	5	858	29	1	29	Rosenberg n.j.	14	554	1536	3
3	Rosenzweig c.	6	816	280	1	30	lin e.	7	473	543	3
4	Reilly j.	6	685	222	1	31	xu y.	6	406	639	3
5	Mearns l.o.	6	455	400	1	32	brown r.a.	8	266	1454	3
6	Giorgi f.	5	452	270	1	33	ızaurralde r.c.	8	205	1305	3
7	mccarl b.a.	6	392	122	1	34	Thomson a.m.	7	178	1295	3
8	läderach p.	5	340	243	1	35	lettenmaier d.p.	13	2504	1575	4
9	yohe g.	7	321	183	1	36	hamlet a.f.	10	1281	1299	4
10	wang x.	9	294	335	1	37	palmer r.n.	5	1266	739	4
11	prokopy l.s.	6	280	67	1	38	cayan d.r.	6	1125	434	4
12	Frederick k.d.	6	211	40	1	39	Elsner m.m.	6	562	906	4
13	asseng s.	7	194	226	1	40	Hanemann m.	5	115	242	4
14	Liu y.	6	147	142	1	41	Stefan h.g.	5	421	25	5
15	kellomäki s.	5	146	6	1	42	ruth m.	5	368	403	5
16	Chen j.	5	124	157	1	43	kirshen p.	5	361	434	5
17	ımbach p.	5	115	264	1	44	smith j.b.	7	237	392	5
18	Schuldt j.p.	5	113	32	1	45	jones r.	5	204	408	5
19	zhang y.	6	58	141	1	46	strzepek k.	8	134	145	5
20	arnell n.w.	12	1300	1215	2	47	hallegatte s.	10	2125	1378	6
21	gosling s.n.	7	837	948	2	48	carter t.r.	8	1925	1686	6
22	tol r.s.j.	7	578	278	2	49	ebi k.l.	13	1757	1594	6
23	kay a.l.	5	537	250	2	50	van Vuuren d.p.	11	1755	2096	6
24	prudhomme c.	5	432	307	2	51	Krieger e.	7	1624	1455	6
25	krysanova v.	8	394	424	2	52	riahi k.	5	1470	1296	6
26	Nicholls r.j.	6	298	638	2	53	ford j.d.	9	273	395	7
27	Harrison p.a.	8	171	259	2	54	berrang-ford l.	5	147	372	7

* It shows the total number of works of the most cited authors in references.

** It shows the total citation of these authors.

*** Each link has strength, shown by a numerical value. A higher numerical value of link strength shows a stronger link between items. The link strength means the number of cited references two items have in common. This data forms the network (line) texture on the map (Fig. 6).

**** As the frequency of using the authors with each other increases, clusters are formed. This data constitutes the cluster data represented by the colors on the map (Fig. 6) and expressed with numbers in the table.

3.4. Analysing the authors using“climate crisis”

One hundred fifty-five articles including the concept of “climate crisis” were identified in the Scopus database. There are 306 different authors in the bibliography of the articles included in this sample. Based on the bibliometric coupling analysis, 54 people cited from independent studies and who had at least two works were identified. The nine authors with the highest incidence/number of authors and relatedness in this analysis are included in the network map. In the bibliographic coupling network map the number of authors is quite low using the concept of “climate crisis”. This shows that authors using the concept of “climate crisis” have a smaller common concepts pool than authors using the concept “climate change”. The most important reason for the situation here is that the concept of “climate crisis” is a new concept to the literature with bibliographic matches are between the years 2017–2020 (Fig. 7a and b). When this situation is examined in Fig. 7b, it is seen that bibliographic matches are between the years 2017–2020. This shows that research using the concept of “climate crisis” is very recent. In short, the concept of “climate crisis” is new to the literature, and the number of authors who use this concept in their articles is very low (Fig. 7a and b).

While the author Arnell N.W. who has published the most on “climate change” leads 12 publications, the authors using the concept of “climate crisis” have at most two publications. Researchers such as Goebel j., Millie Z., Phelan L., and Goodman J. are the researchers who use the concept of Climate Crisis and publish the most (Table 4)

Table 4

Documents, citation, and total link strength information of authors working on the climate crisis.
No	Author	Documents*	Citations**	Total link strength***	Cluster****
1	Goebel j.	2	2	108	1
2	millei z.	2	2	108	1
3	read r.	2	2	108	1
4	silova ı.	2	2	108	1
5	Phelan l.	2	30	3	2
6	goodman j.	2	14	4	2
7	Nissan s.	2	5	3	2
8	Robie d.	2	4	0	3
9	ruf f.	2	3	0	4

* It shows the total number of works of the most cited authors in references.

** It shows the total citation of these authors.

**** As the frequency of using the authors with each other increases, clusters are formed. This data constitutes the cluster data represented by the colors on the map (Fig. 7) and expressed with numbers in the table.

In this study, it is highlighted that two different names given to studies focused on anthropogenic global warming: climate change studies and climate cricis studie is not the consequence of coincidence. The bibliometric network analysis on climate change and climate crisis reveal fundamentally different perspectives. While “climate change studies” present the AGW as a problem that arised from the structure of the atmosphere, the greenhouse gas effect, in the most recent debates represented by “climate crisis” research, refers to ethics, justice, and democracy while discussing the source of the problem.

AGW generate a wide range of environmental and socialeconomic effects, ranging from impacts in biodiversity to public health (IPCC 2021). The “climate crisis” and “climate change” concepts stem from the same issue anthropogenic global warming (AGW). While the “climate crisis” concept includes political and social dimensions, the concept of “climate change” is generally focussed on the techno-scientific dimension. When studies on “climate change” and “climate crisis” are analyzed, it is revealed that both concepts have different perspectives. Studies on “climate change”, use techno-scientific concepts such as: “fossil fuel use”, “greenhouse gas effect”, “drought”, “Africa”, change in the structure of the “atmosphere”, “carbon dioxide”, “famine”, “lack of food supply”, ”agriculture”, and “hunger”. In contrast in “climate crisis” research concepts as: “capitalist system”, “humans”, “society”, “environmental ethics”, “climate justice”, “crisis”, and “inequality” are used. While “climate change” concept is mainly taking a monodisiplinary earth science perspective, the concept of “climate crisis” is interdisciplinary and includes political, sociological, and ethical perspectives. The studies that use the concept of “climate crisis” in their titles emerged as a reaction to the problem that has not been solved for years and present a critical point of view. Climate crisis studies emphasie that the problem cannot be solved from a techno-scientific perspective, and the contribution of social sciences is important in solving the problem. Studies using the concept of “climate crisis” look for the source of the problem in the social structure, political dimensions, and ethical perspective. It is a more recent -to-date perspective.

When considering the most frequently used keywords in the bibliometric analysis of “climate change” studies, it can be seen that concepts of different disciplines such as “migration”, “agriculture”, “food safety”, “adaptation”, “public health”, and “water resources” are considered together in AGW research (Table 1). The bibliometric network map shows that concepts such as “precipitation”, “agriculture”, “water resources”, “climate policy”, “drought”, “migration”, and “water level” changes are related. These studies focus on the structure of the atmosphere, greenhouse gas effect, extreme weather events, disasters such as drought and flood. It does not include social, political, and philosophical inquiries at the source of the problem (Gleick 1989; Türkeş 2003; Kum and Çelik 2014). Climate change studies reflect traditional purely techno-scientific point of view. The inclusion of concepts such as “wheat”, “sea-level changes”, and “drought” in its network map (Fig. 4) shows that AGW studies deal with droughts and decreases in yield of agricultural products, and at the same time deal with sea level rise issues. This situation reveals the importance of handling climate change research in a multidisciplinary context (Burroughs 2007; McAdam 2010; Grasso and Markowitz 2015). In the bibliometric analysis of “climate change” studies, it is further seen that earth science studies frequently use this concept (Bozkurt and Şen 2013; Ozturk et al. 2015; Türkeş et al. 2020). While it central concepts in “climate change” papers are “adaptation” and “vulnerability”, the “climate crisis” papers demonstrate these concepts are inadequate in terms of adaptation and measures against the effects of climate change (Adger and Barnett, 2009). In “climate crisis” research, important criticisms about adaptation are presented (Adger et al. 2018). alIn “climate change” research, the number of studies on adaptation is increasing day by day (Fig. 4). We argue that “adaptation” is one of the weakest and most vulnerable concepts in these studies because it is presented in a mondisciplinary context, disregarding the socioeconomic and anthropologic dimensions (Fischer et al. 2005). The fact that the concept of “adaptation” emerged recently in climate change papers suggest that it is too late to prevent the negative outcome of AGW and that adaptation plans are required to overcome the negative effects with the least damage (Adger et al. 2003; Berkhout 2012; Fankhauser 2017).

As deduced from the most cited report concerned with climate change, most of the studies address physical processes and adaptation, being monodisciplinary as reflected in disciplines such as Climatology (Groisman et al. 1999; Mann and Lees 1996; Meinshausen et al. 2011; O’Neill et al. 2014; Duane et al. 2021), Ecology (Li et al. 2021), Earth Science (Altieri and Nicholls 2017). However, climate change as a complex phenomenon is intertwined with socioeconomic, biological, geophysical and human implications. In recent years, AGW has been the subject of a comprehensive researches in the climatic (Climatology, Ecology, Earth Science) and social disciplines (anthropology, sociology) (Crate 2011; Zehr 2015). Numerous climate scenarios and models were proposed and employed to explain and predict mitigation and adaptation actions. In the context of climate change, different approaches have been considered by different disciplines. For instance, AGW has been addressed through different perspectives from the biogeochemical cycle in vegetation (Schimel et al. 1990) to studies water levels in lakes (Hondzo and Stefan 1993) and thermal circulation on ocean currents (Vellinga and Wood 2002). Furthermore, Hinzman et al (2005) discussed impact of snow thickness on the atmospheric water cycle. The authors also suggested that snow thickness might have critical impacts on the future of water availability in the Arctic. In another study, production and consumption of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions caused by human activities were compared (Peters and Hertwich 2008). In addition to the physical processes and relevant adaptation, climate crisis has been handled and discussed through a gender perspective (Partey et al. 2020), political and power-oriented interests (See and Wilmsen 2022), and different power base to climate crisis (Bugden 2022).

In comparison to the reports of climate change, more interdisciplinary approaches have been employed to discuss climate crisis and its socioeconomic causes. As shown by the bibliographic coupling network map (Fig. 7) the number of “climate crisis” authors is relative low compared to “climate change” authors. The most important reason for the situation here is that the concept of “climate crisis” is a new concept to the literature with bibliographic matches are between the years 2017–2020. Also, climate crisis discussions take into account wider perspectives than climate change studies, and are not limited to physical outcomes and adaptation strategies. For instance, Van Zomeren et al. (2010) reported the importance of a solution-oriented approach to emotion and problem in coping with the climate crisis and suggested that fear for the effects of AGW increases the willingness of individuals to participate in environmental actions and their motivation to cope with problems. Furthermore, Gibson-Graham (2011) reported an approach regarding how a sustainable and fair future could be realized under AGW. Coupled to the approach, the main interest was on measures based on the changes caused by AGW. This study presented a philosophical approach to rethink the sense of belonging to the Anthropocene period. Moreover, the psychological approaches of individuals in the managerial and entrepreneurial positions in the business world to AGW was assessed through a social constructivist approach. Another study examined how individuals developed different identities in exhibiting deliberative attitudes between their conflicting ideas and self-perceptions (Wright et al. 2012). Interestingly, Higham and Cohen (2014) present the first international comparative analysis of attitudes towards climate change and air travel in a critical manner. They found that innovations and economic inputs in contemporary air travel practices had little sense of personal responsibility for passengers' responses to AGW. The capitalist approach and political interventions of companies were reported to be reflected in environmental problems at national and international level. While defining the "climate risks", drew attention to the fact that companies in the private and financial sector moved away from ethical discourse and moral values based on their own interests (Wright and Nyberg 2015). Lu and Schuldt (2016) analysed how empathetic feeling towards climate change victims could increase people's intention to participate or support climate change mitigation efforts and they assessed the role of citizens in contributing to policy support for climate change mitigation. Pierrehumbert (2019) noted that in spite of the plethora of presented adaptation measures there was no Plan B for dealing with the climate crisis, suggestion that attention should be focussed to the reduction of carbon emissions in order to prevent the worsening of global conditions. When elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration as main contributor of AGW is accepted as a risk for the preservation of the environment, the author emphasized that the preventing the climate crisis could be realised through decarbonisation.

4.1. Limitations

Anthropogenic Global Warming spans many topics with regards to its effects and results. Therefore, the topic is addressed by many scientific disciplines. Therefore, the keyword”climate change” yielded 436,763¹ publications in the Scopus database. It was impossible to analysise all of these publications. Therefore, only the articles published in the Climatic Change Journal were evaluated. But the fact that this journal has published research on AGW since 1977 has added a number of works to the analysis. For this reason, by making a limitation again, the works with the concept of "climate change" in their titles were included in the analysis among the works published in the journal. This journal, is also a key journals of this field and has the highest impact factor. Another limitation of the study is that the concept of "climate crisis" is used less frequently than the concept of "climate change" in the literature. This situation forced us to take a reduced but comparable sample for “climate change” papers.Another limitation of the study is the assumptions applied in bibliometric network analysis, as in all statistical analyses. For example, there are 911 different keywords in 1563 articles in the sample used for the concept of "climate change". In order to obtain a general conclusion regarding the literature from this analysis, common usage practices need to be explored. For this reason, the most common usage among 911 different concepts should be found. We therefore opted for that a concept should be used at least 3 times. In this way, the number of concepts in the network map has been decreased to 36. Also concepts with singular use in the literature were excluded from the analysis. This workflow may have led to overgeneralisations in our interpretations.

¹ It is the result of the search made on the Scopus database on 24.12.2021.

In this study, it is highlighted that two different names given to studies focused on anthropogenic global warming: climate change studies and climate cricis studie is not the consequence of coincidence. The bibliometric network analyses on climate change and climate crisis reveal fundamentally different perspectives. While “climate change studies” present the AGW as a problem that arised from the structure of the atmosphere, the greenhouse gas effect, in the most recent debates represented by “climate crisis” research, refers to ethics, justice, and democracy while discussing the source of the problem. Therefore, these two concepts also reveal the historic development of perceptions to AGW.

It is not a coincidence that the same problem is given a different name. It has been revealed that articles using the concept of “climate crisis” are very recently published Crimate crisis studies take a more holistic approach and focus more on the sociological, ethical, and political dimensions of the issue.

-Ethical Approval

Research is a study conducted with statistical techniques based on bibliometric data. In this context, it is not a study that requires ethical approval. However, if the journal editorial board requests ethical approval, it can be obtained from the relevant institutions.

-Consent to Participate

It is not a survey or interview-based research. Therefore, there is no consent to participate.

-Consent to Publish

This study is not a case study.

-Authors Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [İsmet Güney]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Mehmet Ali Çelik]. The evaluation and editing of the article made by [Mehmet Ali Çelik, Kenneth F. Rijsdijk, and Emrah Çelik] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

-Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

-Competing Interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

-Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Scopus data base.

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Two Concepts One Issue: A Bibliometric Analysis of Climate Change and Climate Crisis Concepts

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Abstract

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1. Introduction

2. Data & Methods

3. Results

3.1. “Climate change” concept analysis

3.2. “Climate crisis” concept analysis

3.3. Analysing authors using“climate change”

3.4. Analysing the authors using“climate crisis”

4. Discussion

4.1. Limitations

5. Conclusion

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