The most compelling evidence of causality, as well as a high prevalence of exposure, is related to high blood pressure. There is, however, considerable evidence that a physiologically normal blood pressure in humans is significantly lower than what is often used in clinical practice and science, leading in underreporting of blood pressure as a CVD risk factor (1).
HTN and diabetes mellitus are two conditions that are intricately related and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.(2). HTN was seen in 57.2 % of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients in South Korea, while diabetes was discovered in 32.3 percent (3).Hypertension is a substantial independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiac death (CD) in people who have had an AMI (4).In individuals with ST-segment elevation MI, DM is a significant independent prognostic factor of restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is linked to an increased risk of both early and late death (STEMI)(5Despite the fact that HTN and diabetes are well-known RFs for coronary heart disease, there have been few face investigations assessing their impact on long-term clinical outcomes in AMI patients following coronary artery stenting.
Obesity is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (6).Obesity has also been associated to a faster deterioration of CHD after a diagnosis.Obesity and overweight people are more prone to insulin resistance and T2DM, which can lead to CHD and make the prognosis worse (7).As a result, CHD progresses more quickly, and the prognosis deteriorates.Furthermore, insulin resistance and T2DM are associated to renal, ophthalmic, neurologic, and cerebrovascular problems.Obesity is a widely successful intervention, even though it is often viewed as a "small" independent CHD risk factor.
Weight loss may have a major impact on hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance/T2DM, among other "big" risk factors (8).Unlike other CHD risk factor mitigation methods like exercise and, more broadly, cardiac rehabilitation, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate activity each week to avoid numerous chronic diseases, according to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.However, this quantity of exercise has not been demonstrated to be sufficient for weight loss in overweight/obese persons, and weight loss is assisted when physical activity is combined with calorie restriction in the diet. Despite some evidence of an inverse relationship between overweight/obesity and mortality, described as the "obesity paradox," weight loss recommendations are provided for almost all obese CHD patients.Obesity and health outcomes have a contradictory link, according to studies that looked at people with CAD, HF, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease (9).Even in the absence of comorbidities, as extra adipose tissue grows in excess amounts, a variety of adaptations/alterations in heart shape and function occur (10).
Obesity and overweight are linked to both traditional and unconventional CVD risk factors, resulting in CVD in general and CHDin particular.Obesity is frequently considered a risk factor.The metabolic syndrome, of which central obesity is a prominent component, is associated to CVD, including heart disease, as an independent risk factor.There is a lot of epidemiologic evidence to suggest that being overweight and having heart disease are linked.Postmortem study and coronary artery imaging investigations provide less convincing evidence (11).Almaty, like other nations, experienced an epidemiological change. NCDs are the top causes of death in Almaty, Kazakhstan.The majority of the information comes from a hospital database.The purpose of this research is to establish a relationship between hyperlipidemia and hypertension with coronary heart disease, as well as to determine whether systolic or diastolic hypertension is linked to IHD, and to determine the function of overweight and obesity as a key modifiable risk factor for IHD.
Justification of the choice of articles and goals and objectives
Aim: To study the hypertension and obesity as risk factor of IHD.
Objectives:
- Relationship of hypertension, obesity with gender in IHD patients.
- Relationship of hypertension, obesity with age category.
- Contribution of multiple risk factors in presence of IHD.