Table 1 Chemical composition of FFAs of Catalagzi and Isken TPPs
Oxides (%)
|
SiO2
|
Al2O3
|
Fe2O3
|
CaO
|
Na2O
|
MgO
|
K2O
|
SO3
|
BET
|
LOI
|
Specific gravity
|
FFA of Catalagzi TPP
|
54.08
|
26.08
|
6.68
|
2.00
|
0.79
|
2.67
|
4.53
|
0.73
|
1.11%
|
1.52%
|
2.04
|
FFA of Isken TPP
|
62.28
|
21.46
|
7.01
|
1.53
|
0.26
|
2.37
|
3.81
|
0.07
|
2.26%
|
1.78%
|
2.25
|
Table 2 Some physical properties of the FFA used in this study
Properties of the FFA
|
Catalagzi TPP
|
Isken TPP
|
BET (m2/g)
|
1.11
|
2.26
|
Combustible material (%)
|
7
|
9
|
Air-dried loose and tight bulk density (g/cm3)
|
0.87 and 1.04
|
1.10 and 1.14
|
Oven-dried loose and tight bulk density (g/cm3)
|
0.75 and 0.88
|
0.98 and 1.05
|
Due to technical limitations, table 3 is only available as a download in the Supplemental Files section.
Table 4 Physical-mechanical and RA results of the GPBMs produced by using FFAs supplied from Catalagzi and Isken TPPs and alkali activators (NaOH and/or Na2SiO3)
Sample No
|
Mixing Ratio
|
NaOH (g)
|
Na2SiO3 (g)
|
Flexural Strength (MPa)
|
Compressive Strength (MPa)
|
Bulk Density (g/cm3)
|
Porosity
|
Water
Absorption (%)
|
RA (%)
|
GPBMs produced from Catalagzi TPP FFA
|
70 oC
|
1
|
NaOH (%15)*
|
300
|
-
|
5.3
|
30.3
|
1.46
|
30.20
|
22.30
|
3.00
|
2
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (20%)
|
160
|
320
|
6.1
|
33.5
|
1.84
|
28.94
|
17.98
|
12.36
|
3
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=1 (10%)
|
120
|
120
|
7.8
|
39.0
|
1.69
|
23.65
|
14.81
|
2.56
|
4
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (10%)
|
80
|
160
|
8.7
|
47.3
|
1.79
|
25.42
|
16.38
|
2.12
|
5
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (20%)*
|
134
|
266
|
4.6
|
53.0
|
1.46
|
21.91
|
15.63
|
2.38
|
100 oC
|
6
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5 (10%)
|
96
|
144
|
8.2
|
34.2
|
1.56
|
25.23
|
16.56
|
2.56
|
7
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (10%)
|
80
|
160
|
8.9
|
40.8
|
1.53
|
20.45
|
13.29
|
2.20
|
8
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (20%)
|
160
|
320
|
3.9
|
46.1
|
1.58
|
25.23
|
16.56
|
3.88
|
9
|
NaOH (25%)*
|
500
|
-
|
3.9
|
47.0
|
1.45
|
31.23
|
23.75
|
2.03
|
10
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5 (20%)*
|
160
|
240
|
3.0
|
47.5
|
1.24
|
23.40
|
17.50
|
3.53
|
11
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5 (20%)*
|
114
|
286
|
8.8
|
49.0
|
1.32
|
22.80
|
17.46
|
5.21
|
GPBMs produced from Isken TPP FFA
|
70 oC
|
1
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (20%)
|
174
|
346
|
13.1
|
46.9
|
1.94
|
28.94
|
17.98
|
0.88
|
2
|
Na2SiO3 (25%)*
|
-
|
550
|
1.50
|
47.0
|
1.69
|
28.85
|
18.34
|
3.35
|
3
|
NaOH (15%)*
|
330
|
-
|
7.35
|
63.5
|
1.81
|
26.69
|
16.46
|
5.91
|
4
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5 (20%)*
|
125.4
|
314.6
|
6.90
|
66.6
|
1.84
|
23.83
|
14.80
|
7.24
|
5
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=1 (10%)
|
130
|
130
|
13.4
|
71.4
|
2.00
|
26.84
|
17.55
|
5.21
|
6
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (10%)
|
80
|
160
|
18.3
|
81.4
|
2.04
|
18.92
|
9.94
|
4.24
|
100 oC
|
7
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=1 (10%)*
|
110
|
110
|
6.1
|
37.1
|
1.67
|
25.64
|
16.57
|
6.71
|
8
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5 (20%)
|
148
|
372
|
4.2
|
46.6
|
1.98
|
16.16
|
10.07
|
0.61
|
9
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (20%)
|
177
|
351
|
13.3
|
49.6
|
1.97
|
17.94
|
9.72
|
4.85
|
10
|
NaOH (15%)*
|
330
|
-
|
16.2
|
52.4
|
1.69
|
23.09
|
14.45
|
4.68
|
11
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5 (20%)*
|
125.4
|
314.6
|
3.0
|
57.3
|
1.70
|
19.91
|
12.39
|
12.54
|
12
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=2 (10%)
|
87
|
173
|
6.8
|
60.1
|
1.95
|
20.88
|
13.24
|
2.12
|
13
|
Na2SiO3/NaOH=1.5 (10%)
|
106
|
158
|
16.7
|
65.5
|
1.92
|
16.48
|
8.44
|
10.15
|
14
|
NaOH (10%)
|
264
|
-
|
16.5
|
93.3
|
2.01
|
13.94
|
7.09
|
4.77
|
Percentages in parenthesis indicate alkaline solution to FFA ratio by weight
* These GPBMs do not include Rilem-Cembureau standard sand.
Other materials include FFA/sand in 50/50% ratio.
Table 5 Optimum values of the mixtures and calculated RA (%) considering different GPBMs with respect to SA and DE algorithm
Optimization method
|
GPBMs*
|
NaOH
(g)
|
Na2SiO3
(g)
|
FFA
(g)
|
Rilem Cembureau standart sand (g)
|
RA
(%)
|
SA
|
CTPP-70
|
0
|
400
|
1000
|
200
|
70.68
|
CTPP-100
|
0
|
400
|
1000
|
200
|
13.88
|
ITPP-70
|
0
|
0
|
1000
|
200
|
13.05
|
ITPP-100
|
168.96
|
193.57
|
1000
|
0
|
7.04
|
DE
|
CTPP-70
|
0
|
400
|
1000
|
200
|
70.68
|
CTPP-100
|
0
|
400
|
1000
|
200
|
13.88
|
ITPP-70
|
0
|
0
|
1000
|
200
|
13.05
|
ITPP-100
|
168.96
|
193.57
|
1000
|
200
|
7.04
|
* C and I, 70 and 100 indicate Catalagzi and Isken TPPs and curing temperatures of 70 ºC and 100 ºC, respectively.