A method for mitigating the phase imbalance and insertion loss in the optical mm- wave system for 5G communication network

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2533917/v1

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A method for mitigating the phase imbalance and insertion loss in the optical mm- wave system for 5G communication network

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2533917/v1

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In this paper, an optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generated using a signal Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) is proposed for a 5G communication network. This paper presents the mitigation process of phase imbalance and the insertion loss of the optical mm-wave signal. In the proposed system, the phase imbalance can be reduced by tuning the phase of the optical mm-wave signal at the optical stage. The best results are obtained when tuning the phase of 5π/12 at the phase shift. From the results, the phase imbalance influences the insertion loss and the amplitude of the mm-wave signal. In this study, the phase imbalance decreased from 0.4° to 0.1°. Mitigating the phase imbalance can lower the phase noise to 0.2°.

5G communication network

radio over fiber

optical mm-wave signal

phase imbalance

insertion loss

The fifth generation (5G) communication network provided a huge bandwidth and improved the speed and the coverage systems (Beenish & Fahad, 2019). The wired network and the wireless network, both have their benefits and limitations. Combining the wireless and wired networks into a single network has increased the benefits and decreased the limitations (Ali, Muñoz, & Carpintero, 2017; Cena, Valenzano, & Vitturi, 2008; Yaakob et al., 2013; Yaakob et al., 2010). One of the most appealing technologies for future broadband wireless access networks is radio-over-fiber (RoF), which offers several advantages such as large bandwidth, high dependability, mobility, and flexibility (Lim et al., 2019; Xu, Li, Yu, & Chang, 2016; Yaakob et al., 2014). Another attractive technology for wired access applications is the wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) (Cao et al., 2010; Kuo-Chang, Lee, & AL_Smadi). To provide the end user with a system that is extremely flexible and sufficient, WDM-PON technology and RoF technology be required to combine for future access networks that require a variety of services. (Ding et al., 2018; Mandal et al., 2021). Due to its large transmission bandwidth despite employing unlicensed frequency bands, particularly the 60-GHz band, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band is of great importance in the field of RoF technology. Moreover, mm-wave technology can satisfy the expanding requirements of wireless applications. (Al-samman, Azmi, & Abd Rahman, 2018; Yu, 2017; C. Zhang, Wang, & Qiu, 2011; J. Zhang, Yu, & Letaief, 2019). However, due to limitations on the frequency responses of electronic equipment and devices, the generation of mm-waves with high frequency is still difficult in the electrical domain. Because of this, several studies have concentrated on mm-wave creation utilizing photonic techniques. (Abouelez, 2020; Baskaran & Prabakaran, 2018; Thakur, Mikroulis, Renaud, Mitchell, & Stöhr, 2014; Zhu, Zhao, Li, Chen, & Li, 2015).

In the photonic techniques, the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) with multi-communication channels improves the capability of traffic data in addition to avoiding the extra fibers in the broadcast. Besides, the DWDM technique is appropriate for long-haul data transmission (Fazea, 2019; Sector, 2002). However, some equipment’s prevents the deployment of affordable DWDM techniques over the RoF. In (Thakur et al., 2014), six modulators of Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) were employed to generate the mm-wave thus preceding high insertion losses. In (Tripathi, Singh, & Soni, 2012), nine modulators of MZMs managed to generate a 62.5 GHz of mm-wave. Using additional modulators in the architecture create high phase imbalance and augmented insertion loss (Zhu et al., 2015). Furthermore, additional amplifiers and filters will be required in the architecture. Therefore, the complexity and cost of the system will be increased.

In this work, the impacts of phase imbalance and splitting ratio of the two arms of MZM are explored, along with the computation of key simulation parameters and mathematical analysis. In this work, tuning the MZM can improve the phase imbalance to improve all of the impairments mentioned above. The effects on the MZM performance will be solved by adjusting the phase imbalance at MZM. Controlling the phase can be assisted to achieve the best performance of mm-wave signal in the 5G communication system. This paper proposed a mm-wave system for the 5G network using a single MZM to control the phase imbalance and reduce the insertion losses. For further investigations, a high order of QAM mm-wave signal is used in the proposed architecture to link with the 5 G communication system.

Several researchers discussed the phase imbalance of the mm-wave such as the bidirectional colorless WDM-PON RoF system, in this (Wang et al., 2022) study, the periodic power fading caused by dispersion has been solved by modifying the angles and phases of the signal. Another study (Zabala-Blanco, Campuzano, Aldaya, Castañón, & Vargas-Rosales, 2018) reported the impact of partial phase imbalance, it discussed that the phase imbalance and phase noise for optical signals cause a chromatic dispersion in fiber progressively and then limited the maximum achievable range of the signal. The importance of the mm-wave phase attracts the researcher to investigate more about this parameter. A study reported that the phase imbalance affects the mm-wave signal such as solving the power fading by using the phase shifting of RF driving Signal in (Ujang, Firmansyah, Priambodo, & Wibisono, 2019). While (Ujang & Wibisono, 2018) studies discuss the phases of π/12, π/6, π/4, π/3, and 5π/12 to compare the techniques of Optical Vestigial Sideband (OVSB) modulation with both Optical Single Sideband (OSSB) and Optical Double Sideband (ODSB) modulation schemes. It results that the OVSB modulation technique with π /3 and 5π/12 phase differences can compensate for power fading better than the OSSB and ODSB modulation techniques. The phase imbalance parameter is discussed in our previous work (Mahmood et al., 2022) as a primary study on the effect of phase imbalance of optical mm-wave signal.

This work investigates an implementation of a mm-wave system using MZM to generate the optical mm-wave signal. Moreover, this paper studies the phase imbalance of the optical mm-wave signal to mitigate the phase imbalance and the insertion loss in the system. This paper is organized as follows. The following section describes the system design for generating the optical mm-wave signal and explains the method of mitigating the phase imbalance of optical mm-wave in the RoF system. The next section is to discuss the results. The last section is the conclusion of this work.

The data signal and the carrier signal are modulated together inside the MZM to transfer later to the receiver side. The signals inside the MZM could be affected by the phase imbalance. The phase imbalance of a signal is the unbalanced phase of the two signals’ phases that exists and is mismatched in the system. The system equipments are intended to operate with balanced phases however the modulator equipment is still effaced with phase error because of manufacturing defects. The unbalance phase in the optical part of MZM creates an amplitude error in the electrical and wireless signal later. The different lengths for the two input signals at each branch of MZM, result in different speeds of signals inside the MZM creating phase ϕ1 and phase ϕ2. The difference between phase ϕ1 and phase ϕ2 is the phase imbalance of modulated signal. The phase imbalance that occurs at the MZM can be solved by adjusting the phases using the phase shift at the optical stage of the system. Controlling the phase at the optical stage can be assisted to achieve the best performance of mm-wave signal in the 5G communication system.

In this work, the phase imbalance is monitored at the MZM using a signal analyzer and dual signal analyzer to show the phase imbalance of the signal before and after modulation. The phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal is collected at different phases to show the effect of each phase on the signal. After evaluating the phase imbalance at MZM, it can readjust the phase at the PS to reduce the phase imbalance. Therefore, in this study, the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal can be controlled at the MZM to improve the performance of the signal.

Figure 1 shows the steps of phase imbalance calculation. First, the data is collected from the signal analyzer. By using the Ex (Real) and the Ex (Imag) of the optical mm-wave signal in the signal analyzer the phase of the signal can be extracted. The ATAN2 function is used with the Ex (Real) and the Ex (Imag) in the sheet to calculate the phase using the equation ATAN2 (Ex (Real), Ex (Imag). The signal analyzer component is used before and after MZM to calculate the phase of the signal at the input of the MZM and the output of the MZM. The time domain is used in the signal analyzer component to calculate the phase of the optical mm-wave signal. The phases of π/12, π/6, π/4, π/3, 5π/12 are applied at PS to adjust the phase of the optical mm-wave signal. The phase imbalance is calculated in the sheet and plotted to show the effect of phase on the optical mm-wave system.

The optical mm-wave is generated using a single modulator which is MZM. The Continuous wave (CW) laser, data consisting of a non-return-to-zero (NRZ), pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) data, and the radio frequency (RF) signal generator connected to MZM, as shown in Fig. 2.

At the central station (CS), eight CW lasers are set up at 1550 nm and spaced by 0.8 nm, and a power of 10 dBm is employed. The lasers are connected to a multiplexer to multiplex the eight wavelengths together before being modulated in the MZM. The DWDM multiplexer is used in this system to apply the DWDM technique. In the Optisystem software, the RF signal is set to 30 GHz and connected to PS to control the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal. A 10 Gb/s in PRBS and NRZ format are used in this system. For the MZM setting, the extinction ratio, switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage are set to 20dB, 4v, and 4v, respectively. An optical single-mode fiber (SMF) is used to transfer the mm-wave signal from CS to the base station (BS). At the BS, the positive intrinsic negative (PIN) receiver and lowpass filter (LPF) receives the signal and detect the mm-wave signal to convert it from an optical signal to an electrical signal. The SMF ranged from 0 km to 40 km with a dispersion of 16.75 ps/nm/km and attenuation of 0.2 dB/km. The receiver responsivity was used at 0.7 A/W, then the mm-wave signal was filtered with LPF of 0.75 cutoff frequency. Finally, the mm-wave signal flow to the antenna at 5 dB to broadcast the mm-wave signal to the end users.

A signal analyzer is used at the output of the MZM to monitor the optical mm-wave signal and measured the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal as shown in Fig. 3. After determining the phase imbalance, the phases can be adjusted at the phase shift of the system. Different phases from 0 to 5π/12 are applied to the optical mm-wave system to get the minimum phase imbalance. It is observed that the injected phases at phase shift had a significant influence on the mm-wave signals due to their effect on the phase imbalance of the optical mm-wave signal at MZM. Figure 4 shows the effect of the phase on the phase imbalance of the optical mm-wave signal. It is shown that the change in phase at phase shift can mitigate the phase imbalance of the optical mm-wave signals thus decreasing the insertion losses of the optical mm-wave signal (Zhu et al., 2015). Tunning the phase to 5π/12 has the minimum phase imbalance therefore it enhances the performance of the mm-wave signal by decreasing the mm-wave phase imbalance.

For further investigations, a high order of QAM mm-wave signal is used in the proposed architecture to link with the 5 G communication system. For the 64 QAM mm-wave signal, CW laser is the optical source of the signal, it is set up at 1550 nm with a power of 10 dBm. The CW laser is connected to the MZM, and MZM is used to generate the mm-wave signal by connecting the phase shift and RF signal generator of 30 GHz as shown in Fig. 5. The rectangle filter is used after the MZM modulator to determine the 60 GHz and exclusion other frequencies of the signal. The baseband of the 64 QAM signal is modulated by the I/Q modulator. The I/Q modulator is driven by the electrical mm-wave QAM signal which is generated by 64 QAM generators and M-ary chips. The modulated signal connects to optical fiber ranging from 0 km to 40 km with a dispersion of 16.75 ps/nm/km and attenuation of 0.2 dB/km. On the receiver side, the photodiode converts the optical signal into an electrical signal and then multiplies it by the local oscillator (LO) with BPF to specify or identify the range of signal frequency of the mm-wave signal. Finally, the QAM decoder is used to detect the 64 QAM signal. The same design system was used for 128 and 256 QAM generator components in the Optisystem for additional high order QAMs mm-wave signal.

The 60 GHz mm-waves are generated as shown in Fig. 6 where the peak power is -33 dBm. The system generated 120 GHz and 140 GHz of mm-wave signals with power of -44dBm and − 61dBm, respectively. However, the 120 GHz and 140 GHz mm-waves can be ignored to focus on the phase imbalance impact on the 60 GHz mm-wave.

In the architecture, the phase imbalance is monitored and calculated at the optical stage of the mm-wave signal and the phase of the mm-wave can be manually modified at the phase shift to minimize the phase imbalance. Figure 7 shows the spectrum for the modulated signals, showing that the change in phase at phase shift had a significant impact on the power of the optical mm-wave signals and thus significantly influenced the insertion losses, as reported in (Zhu et al., 2015).

For the investigation of the power of optical mm-wave, the input and output mm-wave signals are compared at the MZM. Using the dual optical spectrum analyzer at the input and the output of the MZM, the input and output mm-wave signal can appear as shown in Fig. 8. The blue refers to the input signal and the red refers to the output signal. A 2 dB power difference was found between the input signal and the output signal, and this was due to the imbalanced splitting ratio (γ) of the two branches of the MZM, which caused a higher phase imbalance in the output signal. The phase imbalance has a strong influence on the output of the mm-wave signal where the transmitted power is affected by each branch of the MZM.

The phase imbalance directly affected the optical mm-wave signal power. The difference in power in Fig. 8 between the input optical mm-wave and the output mm-wave at MZM refers to the insertion loss of the signal coming from the imbalanced splitting ratio. The phase imbalance can be controlled by applying different phases at the phase shift (PS) which have a big impact to minimize the phase imbalance of the optical mm-wave signal. The range of applied phases from 0 to 5π/12 in radian is equivalent to 0 to 75 in degrees. Different responses for optical mm-wave at each applied phase. When the phase shift tunning to 5π/12, the best result is collected.

In this work, calculations have been carried out to show the effect of the phase imbalance on the amplitude of the mm-wave signal. The splitting ratio (γ) of the two arms of MZM causes a high phase imbalance in the optical mm-wave signal. Figure 9 shows the responses of mm-wave amplitude with different splitting ratios. It is found that the splitting ratio of 0.5 has a lower effect on the amplitude of the mm-wave. The impact of phase imbalance on the amplitude of the mm-wave signal is more minimal when the intensity of the mm-wave signal is distributed equally via the arms of MZM. As a result, the system can reduce the mm-wave signal's imbalance by 0.5 of the splitting ratio. Additionally, the insertion losses reduce as well, though with a smaller phase imbalance.

The phase imbalance and the insertion loss values are observed at the optical stage of the mm-wave signal before the process of mitigating the phase imbalance. Figure 10 demonstrates the phase imbalance for the input and output of the mm-wave signal while Fig. 11 demonstrates the insertion losses of the mm-wave signal at the output of MZM. The difference in phase between the input signal and the output signal is because of the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal and that causes an insertion loss in the signal.

To mitigate the phase imbalance in the optical mm-wave signal, the phase of the optical mm-wave signal is adjusted by tuning the phases at the PS. Tuning the phases can mitigate the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal and thus reduce the insertion loss. Figure 11 shows the effect of phase imbalance and the insertion loss on the mm-wave signal before and after adjusting the phases at PS. The phase imbalance decreased from 0.45 degrees to 0.1 degrees after adjustment. When the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal is mitigated the insertion loss is decreased. The minimum insertion loss is 1.07 dB before adjustment, while the minimum insertion loss is 0.26 dB after adjustment at a minimum phase imbalance of 0.1 degrees.

Figure 12 shows the range of phase imbalance of mm-wave signal relation with the BER of the mm-wave signal. It can be seen that the lower phase imbalance of 0.1 degree has better BER than the higher phase imbalance. The mm-wave signal performs better at low phase imbalance depending on the BER evaluation and the best BER of -12 at a minimum phase imbalance of 0.1 degree. The mitigation of phase imbalance by adjusting the phases at the optical stage of mm-wave modulation has enhanced the performance of the mm-wave signal in the system and can decrease the phase imbalance from 0.4 to 0.1 degree.

Figure 13 shows the range of insertion loss for mm-wave signal relation with the BER of the mm-wave signal. It can be seen that the lower insertion loss of 0.26 dB has better BER than the higher insertion loss. This insertion loss comes from the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal, thus when the phase imbalance is at the minimum the insertion loss decreased as well. Based on the collected results, the best BER of -12 at a low insertion loss of 0.26 dB. Hence, the mitigation of phase imbalance by adjusting the phase of 5π/12 at the PS has the lowest insertion loss of mm-wave signal and minimize the insertion loss from 2.7 Db to 0.26 dB.

Figure 14 indicates the three dimensions of the mm-wave signal, this figure shows the relation between the phase imbalance, BER, and insertion loss as the X, Y, and Z axis. It summarizes the best BER levels from − 9 to -12 in purple color at the lower phase imbalance and lower insertion loss of mm-wave signal 0.1 degree and 0.26 dB respectively. The inclined surface of the mm-wave signal sloped to worse BER from − 4 to -2 in red color at high insertion loss above 2.5 dB which comes from the high phase imbalance of 0.45 degree. That is mean the mitigation of phase imbalance can lower the BER of the mm-wave signal and optimize the signal by decrease the insertion loss of system.

Figure 15 shows the constellation diagram of 64 QAM, 128 QAM, and 256 QAM of the optical mm-wave signal. In general, a signal sent by an ideal transmitter should result in a constellation diagram with all constellation points precisely at the ideal locations. However, high phase noise and phase imbalance may cause deviation of the constellation points from the ideal locations. The total distance between the points locations and the ideal locations represents a corresponding measure of phase noise or error phase in the signal. Different adjustment phases are applied to the QAMs of optical mm-wave signal from π/12 to 5π/12 over a 10 km fiber length with a dispersion coefficient of 16.75 ps/nm/km. We observed that the minimum distance between the points’ locations occurred at the phase of 5π/12. The constellation diagram shows a high location deviation of constellation points at the phase of π/12, while the minimum deviation of constellation points at the phase of 5π/12. We found that the phase of 5π/12 had minimal phase error and lower phase noise than the rest of the phases. This minimal phase error in the mm-wave signal was considered a reasonable performance of the mm-wave signal in the system due to a dispersion across 10 km of fiber. When apply the phase of 5π/12 at the phase shift minimum phase imbalance of mm-wave observed thus adjust the phase of 5π/12 can mitigate the phase imbalance to the minimum and enhance the performance of mm-wave signal in the system.

Figure 16 shows the EVM and phase imbalance for 64, 128, and 256 QAMs of optical mm-wave signals. It is important to point out that the lower percentage values represent the best error-free modulation results. For example, an EVM of 8% is better than one of 12%. As can be observed in Fig. 16 the 8% EVM level for 64 QAM, 5% for 128 QAM, and 2% for 256 QAM is required for the 5G specifications (3GPP, 2018). By referring to Fig. 16, below 0.4 degree of phase imbalance are required to achieve a good link of mm-wave signal for the three QAMs. By mitigation, the phase imbalance from 0.45 degree to 0.1 degree led the mm-wave signal to low EVM. A phase imbalance of 0.25 degrees and below collected well EVM values for the 64, 128 and 256 QAMs achieved the required levels of 5G specifications.

The effect of phase imbalance can result in phase noise in the mm-wave signal (Georgiadis, 2004). Low phase noise is the key requirement in modern mm-wave and microwave communication systems to ensure the adequate recovery of the transmitted signals. Thus, low phase noise is essential to enable an efficient system. In general, phase noise can be defined as the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform. In the simulation system, the phase noise can be calculated using the signal analyzer in the frequency domain. Figure 17 shows the EVM and phase noise for 64, 128, and 256 QAMs of optical mm-wave signals. The mm-wave phase noise of 2.5, 2, and 1.5 degrees achieved a good link of mm-wave signal for the 64, 128, and 256 QAMs respectively. In this system, the three forms of mm-wave QAMs meet the requirements of the 5G specifications (3GPP, 2018). High phase imbalance of 0.45 cause a high phase noise around 3 degree which collects EVM levels out of the 5G requirements. Consequently, mitigating the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal by tuning the phase to 5π/12 can lower the phase noise to 0.2 degree as shown in Fig. 17. A 0.2 degree of phase noise gives a good performance of mm-wave signal for the three forms of QAMs in the system (Georgiadis & Kalialakis, 2014).

According to the investigations and calculations of this work, the phase imbalance affected the insertion losses of the mm-wave signal and the amplitude of the signal. Moreover, phase imbalance affected the EVM and phase noise of forms of QAMs mm-wave signals. Furthermore, high phase imbalance causes a high phase noise and EVM levels away from the 5G requirements. Hence, mitigating the phase imbalance of the mm-wave signal by tuning the phase to 5π/12 can lower the phase noise to 0.2 degree and enhance the three forms of QAM mm-wave.

It reported in 25 that the reference and modulated signals come from the same optical source and are affected by phase noise which causes chromatic dispersion in fiber progressively. Therefore, this impairment is limiting the maximum achievable range, the BER of the mm-wave is -10 to gain lower phase noise. In this work the BER − 9 to -12 by decreasing the phase imbalance of mm-wave signal. The best EVM in (Zabala-Blanco et al., 2018) is -28 dB which is equivalent to 3.9%, whereas the best EVM in this work is less than 1.5% due to decreasing the phase noise to the lowest possible value. Another study (Georgiadis & Kalialakis, 2014) reported that increasing the amount of phase imbalance resulted in shifting the phase noise of mm-wave to a higher value. A 16 QAM form of mm-wave signal used in (Georgiadis & Kalialakis, 2014) gain 1% of EVM compared to 1.5% EVM and below for higher order of QAM in this work.

A study discussed the phase imbalance impact on the mm-wave signal to solve the power fading by using the phase shifting of RF driving signals in (Ujang et al., 2019) and (Ujang & Wibisono, 2018). The work in (Ujang & Wibisono, 2018) focused on phases of π/12, π/6, π/4, π/3, and 5π/12 to compare between the techniques of OVSB for both OSSB and ODSB modulations. It results that the OVSB modulation technique with π /3 and 5π/12 phases can solve the power fading issues in these modulation techniques. In this study, the investigations and calculations prove that 5π/12 phase can mitigate the phase imbalance of mm-wave signal thus reducing the insertion loss and phase noise, as well as enhancing the EVM of the different forms of QAMs for the mm-wave signal.

This paper introduces a method for mitigating the phase imbalance and insertion loss in the optical mm-wave system using a single MZM. The architecture used a phase shift at the optical stage of generated mm-wave signal to mitigate the phase imbalance and insertion losses. The results show that the change in phase at phase shift can mitigate the phase imbalance of the optical mm-wave signals thus decreasing the insertion losses of the optical mm-wave signal. Adjusting the phase of mm-wave to 5π/12 has the minimum phase imbalance therefore it enhances the performance of the mm-wave signal by decreasing the mm-wave phase imbalance. Besides, the splitting ratio of the MZM can affect the amplitude of the signal and the insertion losses. The phase imbalance of mm-wave signal at the minimum at splitting ratio of 0.5, thus the insertion losses reduced. When the phase imbalance was mitigated the insertion loss was reduced to 0.26 dB at a lower phase imbalance of 0.1 degrees. The mitigated system is suitable for the implementation of the future 5G communication network.

All authors of this paper are agreed for the research study publication.

Disclosures

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval: Not applicable

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions: R.M.M. studied and simulated all the data; S.Y. consulted and reviewed the paper; F.A.A. and S.B.A.A. reviewed and edited the paper; M.Z.A.K., Z.Z and M.R.C.B. reviewed the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: This research received no funding.

Availability of data and materials: The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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No competing interests reported.

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A method for mitigating the phase imbalance and insertion loss in the optical mm- wave system for 5G communication network

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Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Phase Imbalance

3 System Design And Operating Principle

4 Results And Discussion

5 Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1