A panel analysis on preventing and controlling efficiency of COVID-19 pandemic

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-26006/v1

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A panel analysis on preventing and controlling efficiency of COVID-19 pandemic

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-26006/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

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BACKGROUND: Currently, the globe is making efforts to curb the spreading of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, only a few studies have examined the associations among spreading growth, treatment efficiency, and death increase. This study aimed to examine the associations of COVID-2019 dead cases, healed cases, and recovered cases.

METHODS: Data from China Data Lab in Harvard Dataverse with the China (January 22, 2020 to March 18, 2020), United States of America (USA, March 17, 2020 to April 12, 2020), and the world (January 22, 2020 to April 4, 2020) were analyzed. The main variables included in the analysis were the numbers of COVID-2019 total confirmed cases (TC), total dead cases (TD), newly dead cases (ND), newly confirmed cases (NC), newly healed cases (NH), total healed cases (TH), and newly recovered cases (NR). Pooled, dynamic, and event study analyses were conducted to reflect the associations among them.

RESULTS: Descriptive analyses showed that NH/NC ratio in China are bigger than NR/NC in USA and the world. Pooled analysis showed that various roles of regions in NH and NR in a specific sample. Dynamic analysis showed significant roles of lags and NC in NH and NR. Panel event study showed that key events influence ND and NH in China significantly and NR in the world rather than NR in USA.

CONCLUSION: The findings in this study indirectly confirmed the relationship between spreading growth, treatment efficiency, and death increase. China’s control strategies of COVID-19 pandemic are worth of learning by the globe.

Infectious Diseases

dead cases

confirmed cases

healed cases

recovered cases

COVID-19

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Table 1. Descriptive statistics of ND, TD, NC, TC, NH, TH, and NR overall COVID-19 cases.

	Status	Days	Obs	n	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
China Provinces	ND	64	1984	31	1.63	11.59	-1	149
	TD	64	1984	31	52.57	353.57	0	3122
	NC	64	1984	31	40.76	391.94	-1	13797
	TC	64	1984	31	1593.93	8746.14	0	67800
China Cities	NH	64	21184	331	3.18	49.65	-19	2379
	TH	64	21184	331	64.71	967.73	0	40032
	NC	64	21184	331	3.70	105.37	-107	13436
	TC	64	21184	331	144.32	1970.08	0	50005
	ND	64	21184	331	0.15	3.06	-1	216
	TD	64	21184	331	4.81	86.22	0	2490
USA States	NC	83	4233	51	6017.58	140498	0	7317755
	NR	61	3111	51	3.93	173.46	0	9385
	ND	83	4233	51	101.10	3067.50	0	188694
USA Counties	NR	56	176008	3143	0.14	9.499	0	2116
	NC	81	254583	3143	642.76	25988.22	0	9818605
	ND	81	254583	3143	2.91	148.43	0	32835
World Countries	NR	74	18426	249	64.98	887.92	0	34219
	NC	74	18426	249	442.99	4488.94	0	126168
	ND	74	18426	249	24.61	393.56	0	15362

Table 2. Linear regression on death cases, healed case, and recovered cases, Coefficients (se)

China					USA			World
	ND	TD	NH	TH		NR^a	NR^b		NR
NC	0.01*** (0.00)		-0.02*** (0.00)		NC	0.00 (0.00)	-0.02*** (0.00)	NC	3.05* (1.60)
ND					ND	0.04** (0.01)	1.22*** (0.00)	ND	-0.05 (0.11)
TC		0.04*** (0.00)		0.67*** (0.00)	Mid-West Region	0.42*** (0.02)	-0.23*** (0.00)	Africa	20.78 (72.61)
TD					Mid-Atlantic Region	0.02 (0.04)	-0.90*** (0.00)	Asia	1493.33** (623.45)
Central China	-0.29*** (0.01)	-109.72*** (1.53)	0.17*** (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	New England	0.16*** (0.01)	-1.08*** (0.01)	Europe	-968.07 (1195.79)
East China	-0.43*** (0.01)	-140.27*** (1.92)	0.17*** (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	South Region	0.01 (0.01)	-1.53*** (0.01)	Middle East	2122.52*** (473.10)
Northeast China	0.10*** (0.00)	-10.16*** (0.23)	0.11*** (0.00)	-0.01*** (0.00)	Southwest Region	0.14*** (0.01)	-3.57*** (0.03)	North America	194.01 (141.16)
Western China	-0.09*** (0.00)	-50.96*** (0.74)	0.03*** (0.00)	0.01*** (0.00)	West Region	0.65*** (0.01)	-7.13*** (0.06)	Oceania	106.20 (92.33)
Hubei province	35.82*** (0.11)	-104.56*** (19.89)	0.06*** (0.00)	0.01*** (0.00)				South America	50.87 (162.12)
								The Caribbean	1.03 (49.16)
R-squared	0.69	0.98	0.03	0.69		0.14	0.48		0.97
Number	320	320	320	320		366	336		592

Note:* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.a, USA state-level units. b, USA county-level units.

Table 3. Dynamic estimation results of death cases in China province-level units.

	ND			TD
	AB estimator	ABS estimator		AB estimator	ABS estimator
L6.ND	-1.00***(-34232.05)	-0.97***(-29.14)	L.TD	-0.00 (-0.13)	-0.00 (-0.09)
L7.ND	-1.00***(-42857.34)	-0.99***(-33.63)	L2.TD		-0.00 (-0.13)
L8.ND	-2.95***(-6476.27)	-2.96***(-16.95)	L7.TD	-0.00 (-0.33)
L9.ND	-3.45***(-7469.74)	-3.11***(-20.14)	L9.TD	0.02 (0.69)	-0.07(-1.08)
L12.ND	-0.50***(-2068.88)	-0.42***(-3.33)	L10.TD		1.06***(10.54)
L13.ND	-2.45***(-3852.65)	-2.25***(-7.89)	L13.TD	-0.11***(-9.27)	-0.17***(-8.15)
L14.ND	-2.45***(-3846.89)	-2.25***(-7.87)	L14.TD	0.00 (0.75)	0.01(0.48)
L15.ND	-2.45***(-3849.28)	-2.25***(-7.88)	L15.TD	-0.00 (-0.56)	-0.00 (-0.37)
L18.ND	-0.00 (-0.93)	-0.84***(-8.26)	L17.TD	0.01(0.07)	0.23*(2.03)
L19.ND	-0.00 (-1.86)	-0.71***(-7.71)	L19.TD	0.05*(2.09)	0.01 (0.29)
L20.ND	-0.00 (-1.84)	-0.75***(-8.26)	L20.TD	-0.01 (-1.42)	-0.01 (-0.61)
L21.ND	-0.00 (-1.11)	-1.02***(-13.53)	L21.TD	0.02(0.97)	0.06(1.93)
L22.ND	-0.00 (-1.14)	-1.02***(-13.18)	L22.TD	0.00 (0.30)	0.00 (0.23)
L23.ND	0.50***(2185.45)	-0.57***(-7.56)	L23.TD	-0.00 (-0.16)	0.01 (0.56)
L24.ND	2.44***(5397.46)	1.07***(12.89)	L24.TD	0.05*(1.98)	0.15***(4.22)
L25.ND	2.45***(4883.61)	0.95***(14.68)	L25.TD	-0.04*(-1.99)	-0.01(-0.15)
L26.ND	2.45***(4850.55)	0.94***(13.72)	L26.TD	0.00 (0.13)	0.00 (0.03)
L27.ND	2.45***(4923.04)	0.95***(14.63)	L27.TD	0.00 (0.61)	0.00 (0.31)
L28.ND	2.45***(4891.15)	0.94***(14.10)	L28.TD	-0.00 (-0.47)	0.00 (0.03)
L29.ND	2.45***(4954.18)	1.02***(13.98)	L29.TD	-0.00 (-0.50)	-0.02(-1.95)
L30.ND	2.45***(4942.39)	1.19***(12.66)	L30.TD	-0.02(-1.08)	-0.07**(-2.98)
L31.ND	2.45***(4840.99)	1.04***(12.30)	L31.TD	0.01(0.79)	0.036*(2.01)
L32.ND	2.45***(4890.17)	0.92***(11.36)	L32.TD	-0.00 (-0.14)	0.02(0.83)
L33.ND	2.45***(4904.87)	0.93***(10.41)	L33.TD	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.01)
L34.ND	2.45***(4923.07)	0.92***(10.42)	L34.TD	-0.00 (-0.41)	-0.01(-0.80)
L35.ND	2.45***(4979.46)	0.96***(10.73)	L35.TD	0.01(1.55)	0.01(1.07)
L36.ND	2.45***(4950.89)	0.95***(12.08)	L36.TD	0.01(1.28)	0.02 (1.48)
L37.ND	2.45***(4927.62)	0.94***(11.43)	L37.TD	-0.00 (-0.39)	-0.00 (-0.59)
L38.ND	2.45***(4940.43)	0.95***(11.98)	L38.TD	-0.00 (-0.77)	-0.00 (-0.45)
L39.ND	2.45***(4924.00)	0.93***(12.51)	L39.TD	-0.00 (-0.81)	-0.00 (-0.17)
L40.ND	2.45***(4908.49)	0.91***(12.33)	L40.TD	0.00 (1.05)	0.01(1.42)
L41.ND	2.45***(4910.59)	0.92***(11.75)	L41.TD	-0.00 (-0.70)	-0.01(-0.79)
L42.ND	2.45***(4928.14)	0.97***(10.85)	L42.TD	-0.01(-0.79)	-0.01(-0.76)
L44.ND	-11.69***(-4427.39)	-13.63***(-13.59)	L43.TD	0.10(1.10)	-0.57***(-5.28)
L45.ND	-11.69***(-4384.78)	-13.71***(-13.71)	L44.TD	-0.01(-0.27)	-0.03(-0.83)
L47.ND	0.00*(2.42)	0.08(1.51)	L47.TD	-0.02(-1.72)	-0.02(-1.26)
L48.ND	0.00 (1.73)	0.38***(5.22)	L48.TD	-0.02 (-0.92)	-0.08*(-2.07)
L49.ND	0.00*(2.15)	0.61***(5.30)	L49.TD	0.01(0.28)	-0.03(-0.71)
L50.ND	0.00 (1.46)	1.51***(7.92)	L50.TD	-0.08*(-2.27)	-0.04(-0.69)
L51.ND	0.00**(2.82)	1.51***(6.99)	L51.TD	0.00 (0.34)	0.00 (0.05)
L52.ND	0.00**(2.60)	1.64***(7.61)	L52.TD	0.05*(2.18)	0.01 (0.35)
L53.ND	0.00*(2.51)	1.66***(8.23)	L53.TD	0.01(0.54)	0.01(0.36)
L54.ND	0.00*(2.31)	1.68***(7.81)	L54.TD	0.05**(2.69)	0.04(1.23)
L55.ND	0.00*(2.32)	1.52***(8.31)	L55.TD	0.01(0.55)	0.05(1.69)
NC	-0.00***(-3.33)	0.01(1.27)	TC	-0.00 (-1.90)	-0.00 (-1.42)

Note:* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.

Table 4. Dynamic estimation results of total death in China city-level units.

	NH			TH
	AB estimator	ABS estimator		AB estimator	ABS estimator
L.NH	-0.71***(-12.96)	-0.14***(-5.88)	L.TH	0.66***(17.06)	0.66***(17.12)
L2.NH	-0.69***(-12.20)	-0.10***(-4.27)	L2.TH	0.07***(3.38)	0.07***(3.38)
L3.NH	-0.68***(-11.97)	-0.07***(-3.47)	L3.TH	0.04*(2.23)	0.04*(2.25)
L4.NH	-0.56***(-10.70)	0.01(0.38)	L4.TH	0.10***(5.25)	0.10***(5.26)
L5.NH	-0.43***(-8.13)	0.13***(5.84)	L5.TH	0.12***(5.96)	0.12***(5.98)
L6.NH	-0.43***(-8.12)	0.13***(4.98)	L6.TH	-0.00 (-0.04)	-0.00 (-0.05)
L7.NH	-0.47***(-9.56)	0.06***(3.53)	L7.TH	-0.07**(-2.85)	-0.07**(-2.85)
L8.NH	-0.44***(-9.20)	0.07***(3.91)	L8.TH	0.01(0.60)	0.01 (0.60)
L9.NH	-0.52***(-10.93)	-0.00 (-0.09)	L9.TH	-0.07***(-4.58)	-0.07***(-4.58)
L10.NH	-0.51***(-10.48)	0.03**(2.82)	L10.TH	0.02(1.19)	0.02(1.19)
L11.NH	-0.48***(-9.91)	0.05***(5.12)	L11.TH	0.03*(2.21)	0.03*(2.22)
L12.NH	-0.52***(-10.43)	0.03*(2.31)	L12.TH	-0.02*(-2.23)	-0.02*(-2.24)
L13.NH	-0.53***(-10.57)	0.02(1.89)	L13.TH	-0.00 (-0.24)	-0.00 (-0.24)
L14.NH	-0.52***(-10.90)	0.00 (0.31)	L14.TH	-0.01(-0.85)	-0.01(-0.86)
L15.NH	-0.43***(-9.31)	0.08***(8.99)	L15.TH	0.08***(7.36)	0.08***(7.37)
L16.NH	-0.47***(-10.45)	0.02*(2.26)	L16.TH	-0.04***(-4.95)	-0.04***(-4.96)
L17.NH	-0.45***(-10.12)	0.04***(4.04)	L17.TH	0.01(1.15)	0.01 (1.15)
L18.NH	-0.44***(-10.46)	0.02*(2.18)	L18.TH	-0.00(-0.21)	-0.00 (-0.21)
L19.NH	-0.47***(-10.32)	0.04***(5.27)	L19.TH	-0.00 (-0.47)	-0.00 (-0.47)
L20.NH	-0.48***(-10.27)	0.04***(5.73)	L20.TH	-0.00 (-0.11)	-0.00 (-0.11)
L21.NH	-0.47***(-10.02)	0.05***(6.93)	L21.TH	0.01(1.66)	0.01(1.66)
L22.NH	-0.46***(-10.31)	0.04***(4.86)	L22.TH	-0.01(-1.33)	-0.01 (-1.33)
L23.NH	-0.47***(-10.82)	0.01 (1.22)	L23.TH	-0.03***(-3.53)	-0.02***(-3.54)
L24.NH	-0.46***(-10.48)	0.02**(3.27)	L24.TH	0.02**(2.84)	0.02**(2.84)
L25.NH	-0.46***(-10.32)	0.03***(4.36)	L25.TH	0.00 (0.08)	0.00 (0.08)
L26.NH	-0.48***(-10.66)	0.02*(2.16)	L26.TH	-0.02**(-3.21)	-0.02**(-3.21)
L27.NH	-0.50***(-10.85)	0.01(0.86)	L27.TH	-0.02**(-2.60)	-0.02**(-2.62)
L28.NH	-0.47***(-10.50)	0.02*(2.46)	L28.TH	0.02**(2.94)	0.02**(2.94)
L29.NH	-0.52***(-11.95)	-0.04***(-4.31)	L29.TH	-0.05***(-6.44)	-0.05***(-6.45)
L30.NH	-0.526***(-11.53)	-0.02*(-1.97)	L30.TH	0.01(0.61)	0.01 (0.61)
L31.NH	-0.54***(-11.50)	-0.01(-1.56)	L31.TH	-0.00 (-0.29)	-0.00 (-0.29)
L32.NH	-0.48***(-10.40)	0.04***(3.95)	L32.TH	0.04***(5.49)	0.04***(5.53)
L33.NH	-0.48***(-10.87)	0.01(1.36)	L33.TH	-0.02(-1.92)	-0.02(-1.93)
L34.NH	-0.51***(-11.61)	-0.02*(-1.99)	L34.TH	-0.03**(-2.71)	-0.03**(-2.77)
L35.NH	-0.56***(-12.82)	-0.07***(-6.99)	L35.TH	-0.06***(-6.11)	-0.06***(-6.12)
L36.NH	-0.55***(-12.07)	-0.05***(-3.68)	L36.TH	0.02(1.58)	0.02(1.58)
L37.NH	-0.49***(-10.95)	0.00 (0.05)	L37.TH	0.05***(4.96)	0.05***(5.02)
L38.NH	-0.48***(-10.34)	0.02 (1.56)	L38.TH	0.01(0.45)	0.006(0.45)
L39.NH	-0.46***(-9.95)	0.04**(3.25)	L39.TH	0.03**(3.13)	0.03**(3.14)
L40.NH	-0.41***(-8.98)	0.09***(6.32)	L40.TH	0.05***(5.36)	0.05***(5.47)
L41.NH	-0.33***(-6.95)	0.17***(8.33)	L41.TH	0.08***(5.40)	0.08***(5.41)
L42.NH	-0.37***(-8.14)	0.08***(3.34)	L42.TH	-0.06**(-2.87)	-0.06**(-2.90)
L43.NH	-0.43***(-8.46)	0.03(0.70)	L43.TH	-0.02(-0.79)	-0.03(-0.80)
L44.NH	-0.28***(-4.59)	0.26***(5.63)	L44.TH	0.23***(6.71)	0.23***(6.72)
L45.NH	-0.41***(-8.24)	-0.02 (-0.58)	L45.TH	-0.25***(-6.56)	-0.25***(-6.57)
L46.NH	-0.51***(-7.64)	0.03(0.51)	L46.TH	-0.00 (-0.04)	-0.00 (-0.04)
L47.NH	-0.73***(-7.29)	-0.11(-1.12)	L47.TH	-0.124(-1.70)	-0.12(-1.70)
L48.NH	-0.70***(-5.49)	-0.01(-0.04)	L48.TH	0.13(1.36)	0.13(1.36)
L49.NH	-0.63***(-4.12)	0.08(0.49)	L49.TH	0.09 (0.79)	0.09 (0.79)
L50.NH	-0.78***(-4.62)	-0.27(-1.45)	L50.TH	-0.24(-1.48)	-0.24(-1.48)
L51.NH	-5.74***(-6.18)	-1.90(-1.95)	L51.TH	-3.11**(-3.29)	-3.11**(-3.29)
L52.NH	-1.61(-1.27)	2.27(1.69)	L52.TH	5.29***(7.14)	5.28***(7.15)
L53.NH	-1.30(-0.90)	2.62(1.70)	L53.TH	0.45(1.03)	0.45(1.03)
L54.NH	-1.66(-1.16)	2.01(1.30)	L54.TH	-0.34(-1.39)	-0.34(-1.39)
L55.NH	-1.99(-1.38)	2.44(1.59)	L55.TH	0.24(0.82)	0.24(0.83)
L59.NH	-1.90(-0.57)	1.97(0.51)	L56.TH	13.04*(2.14)	13.04*(2.14)
L60.NH	317.40***(9.72)	-28.00*(-2.01)	L57.TH		7.01(0.06)
ND	0.99***(3.46)	1.18***(3.58)	TD	1.86***(4.88)	1.86***(4.97)
NC	0.11(0.82)	-0.00 (-0.02)	TC	0.00 (0.04)	0.00 (0.04)
Observations	662	662		662	662

Note:* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.

Table 5. Dynamic estimation results of NR in USA and the world (outside Antarctica, China, and USA).

	USA state-level units		USA county-level units		The world
	AB estimator	ABB estimator	AB estimator	ABB estimator	AB estimator	ABB estimator
L1.	0.00 (0.01)	0.94***(0.04)	-0.81***(0.01)	0.11 ***(0.01)	0.42***(0.03)	0.54***(0.04)
L2.	-1.00***(0.01)	-0.74***(0.06)	0.51***(0.01)	1.12 ***(0.01)	0.08***(0.03)	0.12***(0.03)
L3.	0.00 (0.02)	0.79***(0.07)	-0.73***(0.01)	-1.08 ***(0.02)	0.26***(0.04)	0.36***(0.04)
L4.	-1.00***(0.01)	-0.37***(0.07)	0.83***(0.01)	1.33 ***(0.02)	-0.34***(0.03)	-0.36***(0.03)
L5.	0.00 (0.01)	0.34***(0.07)	-0.79***(0.02)	-1.46 ***(0.02)	0.48***(0.03)	0.41***(0.03)
L6.	-1.00***(0.01)	-0.48***(0.07)	0.80 ***(0.02)	1.61 ***(0.04)	0.46***(0.04)	0.34***(0.04)
L7.	0.00 (0.01)	0.37***(0.07)	-0.76 ***(0.05)	-1.12 ***(0.08)	0.31***(0.05)	0.15***(0.05)
L8.	-1.00***(0.01)	-1.13***(0.08)		-388.04 ***(19.36)	0.41***(0.05)	0.16***(0.05)
L9.	0.00 (0.02)	1.19***(0.09)			-0.51***(0.06)	-0.63***(0.06)
L10.	-1.00***(0.02)	-0.49***(0.10)			-0.43***(0.03)	-0.33***(0.04)
L11.	0.00 (0.02)	0.48***(0.13)			-0.33***(0.04)	-0.15***(0.04)
L12.	-1.00***(0.03)	-0.27**(0.14)			0.07(0.05)	0.09(0.06)
L13.					0.14*(0.08)	-0.30***(0.07)
L14.					-0.39**(0.18)	0.22(0.19)
L15.			-1.47 ***(0.37)	-1.80 ***(0.62)	0.56(0.40)	0.40(0.41)
L16.			-0.79 ***(0.28)	-0.49 (0.47)	-0.05(0.43)	1.21***(0.45)
L17.			-0.21 (0.38)	0.70 (0.62)	-0.78**(0.36)	-1.91***(0.27)
L18.					-1.75***(0.56)	0.02(0.57)
L19.			-2.21 ***(0.40)	-3.23 ***(0.66)	0.04(0.60)	0.45(0.61)
L20.			0.60 (0.40)	2.23 ***(0.66)	-4.70***(0.70)	-3.67***(0.69)
L21.					1.86*(0.95)	-1.91**(0.93)
L22.			1.14 ***(0.28)	0.87*(0.47)	-1.66(1.19)	-2.26**(1.13)
L23.			-2.58 ***(0.30)	-4.07 ***(0.48)	8.84***(1.17)	11.47***(1.24)
L24.				575.26 ***(24.00)	-6.04***(1.10)	-1.36(1.10)
L25.					-3.53***(1.11)	-1.01(1.11)
L26.					1.21(1.57)	-4.51***(1.60)
L27.					-5.36**(2.18)	-3.20(2.11)
L28.					25.93***(3.48)	15.58***(3.34)
L29.					8.53***(3.26)	2.22(3.50)
L30.					-5.26(5.10)	1.28(5.17)
L31.					8.94(6.96)	24.24***(7.44)
L32.					-23.36***(6.87)	-8.23(7.38)
L33.					-42.88***(8.99)	-31.17***(8.93)
L34.					-41.30***(9.52)	-56.08***(9.98)
L35.			-2.35***(0.18)	-3.43***(0.30)	-3.77(13.33)	-21.53(14.44)
L36.			0.54***(0.19)	2.19***(0.31)	-3.86(10.92)	-42.81***(11.10)
L37.					163.00***(11.11)	130.98***(11.26)
L38.					-14.89(10.16)	-21.09*(11.06)
L39.					-13.69(13.62)	17.92(13.72)
L40.					-90.52***(13.09)	-45.09***(13.78)
L41.					20.48(12.60)	61.73***(13.15)
L42.					9.79(12.88)	18.10(13.11)
L43.					-82.49***(9.97)	-50.94***(10.42)
L44.					78.59***(11.28)	80.03***(11.95)
L45.					-16.97**(7.13)	-31.32***(7.62)
L46.					-20.72***(6.89)	-35.28***(7.43)
L47.					2.73(8.13)	-10.52(8.59)
L48.					-18.61**(7.28)	-29.96***(7.82)
L49.					-1.94(13.85)	9.31(14.92)
L50.			0.00 (0.01)	-0.01 (0.02)	60.61***(13.60)	44.14***(13.70)
L51.			0.00 (0.01)	0.02*(0.01)	31.72**(13.16)	-2.69(14.11)
L52.			0.00**(0.00)	0.00**(0.00)	-4.99(13.81)	-15.27(14.34)
L53.	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.01)	0.00***(0.00)	0.00***(0.00)	102.43***(15.63)	60.48***(16.40)
L54.	0.00***(0.00)	0.00(0.00)			-63.71**(30.83)	-80.35**(32.82)
L55.					-84.20***(32.31)	-51.73(35.07)
L56.					-15.76(35.32)	-43.07(38.22)
L57.					304.18***(65.75)	221.49***(70.53)
L58.					349.69***(86.43)	252.34***(93.22)
L59.						822.75(508.88)
L60.					356.57**(141.41)	208.26(151.47)
L61.					-652.86***(124.75)	-717.37***(132.78)
L62.					31.19(36.22)	30.82(39.39)
L63.					-59.99(51.09)	-62.71(55.23)
L64.					-210.15***(40.77)	-120.61***(41.17)
L65.					-51.58(50.13)	26.11(53.39)
L66.					352.83***(51.96)	288.11***(54.71)
L67.					253.30***(56.51)	102.32*(60.04)
L68.					-103.01(93.50)	-132.18(98.52)
L69.					-231.70**(98.17)	72.95(101.70)
NC	0.00 (0.00)	0.00(0.00)	0.04***(0.00)	0.06 ***(0.01)	0.02***(0.01)	0.04***(0.00)
ND	0.00 (0.00)	-0.02**(0.01)	-0.25***(0.05)	-0.43 ***(0.08)	0.00(0.05)	0.08*(0.05)
obs	306	357	6,286	9,429

Note:* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.

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A panel analysis on preventing and controlling efficiency of COVID-19 pandemic

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